HGS
Hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (Hrs) (Protein pp110) [HRS]
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Examining handgrip strength (HGS) asymmetry could extend the utility of handgrip dynamometers for screening future falls. We sought to determine the associations of HGS asymmetry on future falls in older Americans. The analytic sample included 10,446 adults aged at least 65 years from the 2006-2016 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. Falls were self-reported. A handgrip dynamometer measured HGS. The highest HGS on each hand was used for determining HGS asymmetry ratio: (non-dominant HGS/dominant HGS). Those with HGS asymmetry ratio < 1.0 had their ratio inverted to make all HGS asymmetry ratios ≥ 1.0. Participants were categorized into asymmetry groups based on their inverted HGS asymmetry ratio: (1) 0.0-10.0%, (2) 10.1-20.0%, (3) 20.1-30.0%, and (4) > 30.0%. Generalized estimating equations were used for the analyses. Every 0.10 increase in HGS asymmetry ratio was associated with 1.26 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07-1.48) greater odds for future falls. Relative to those with HGS asymmetry 0.0-10.0%, participants with HGS asymmetry > 30.0% had 1.15 (CI 1.01-1.33) greater odds for future falls; however, the associations were not significant for those with HGS asymmetry 10.1-20.0% (odds ratio: 1.06; CI 0.98-1.14) and 20.1-30.0% (odds ratio: 1.10; CI 0.99-1.22). Compared to those with HGS asymmetry 0.0-10.0%, participants with HGS asymmetry > 10.0% and > 20.0% had 1.07 (CI 1.01-1.16) and 1.12 (CI 1.02-1.22) greater odds for future falls, respectively. Asymmetric HGS, as a possible biomarker of impaired neuromuscular function, may help predict falls. We recommend that HGS asymmetry be considered in HGS protocols and fall risk assessments.
Keywords
- Aging
- Functional laterality
- Geriatric assessment
- Geriatrics
- Muscle strength dynamometer
Background Maximal handgrip strength (HGS) could be an incomplete and unidimensional measure of muscle function. This pilot study sought to examine the relationships between maximal HGS, radial and ulnar digit grip strength, submaximal HGS force control, HGS fatigability, neuromuscular HGS steadiness, and HGS asymmetry in older adults. Methods: A digital handgrip dynamometer and accelerometer was used to collect several HGS measurements from 13 adults aged 70.9 ± 4.0 years: maximal strength, radial and ulnar digit grip strength, submaximal force control, fatigability, neuromuscular steadiness, and asymmetry. Pearson correlations determined the relationships between individual HGS measurements. A principal component analysis was used to derive a collection of new uncorrelated variables from the HGS measures we examined. Results: The individual HGS measurements were differentially correlated. Maximal strength (maximal HGS, radial digit strength, ulnar digits strength), contractile steadiness (maximal HGS steadiness, ulnar digit grip strength steadiness), and functional strength (submaximal HGS force control, HGS fatigability, HGS asymmetry, HGS fatigability steadiness) emerged as dimensions from the HGS measurements that we evaluated. : Our findings suggest that these additional measures of muscle function may differ from maximal HGS alone. Continued research is warranted for improving how we assess muscle function with more modern technologies, including handgrip dynamometry and accelerometry.
Keywords
- aging
- geriatric assessment
- muscle strength
- muscle weakness
- physical functional performance
Older adults with disease and disability are particularly vulnerable to experiencing more severe consequences of depression. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationship between disease comorbidities (number of disease: ND0, 1 disease: ND1 and 2 or more diseases: ND ≥ 2), hand grip strength (low HGS and high HGS), and the prevalence of depression in Korean older adults. Data from the living profiles of older people survey that was conducted by the ministry of health and welfare in Korea were utilized. Data for 6107 females and 4347 males were appropriate for statistical tests. The results demonstrated that depression was more prevalent as ND increased ([i]p[/i] < 0.01). In addition, HGS appeared lower as ND increased in both male ([i]p[/i] < 0.01) and female subjects ([i]p[/i] < 0.01). Furthermore, relative to ND0 and low HGS, ND0 and high HGS showed a ~65% reduction in the prevalence of depression ([i]p[/i] < 0.01). After adjusting for age, the prevalence of depression was reduced by ~60% in the subgroup with ND0 and high HGS relative to ND0 and low HGS ([i]p[/i] < 0.01). These data demonstrate that muscular strength indices such as HGS may be useful when assessing depression in older adults. Further research in this area is warranted.
Keywords
- aging
- depression
- disease comorbidities
- muscular strength
We aimed to report the age- and sex-specific normative data of Korean handgrip strength (HGS) and to establish the cutoffs values of low HGS in Korean populations. We analyzed the HGS data of 23,716 Koreans (10,793 men and 12,923 women) from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2014 to 2017. The means with standard deviations (SDs) of HGS were calculated for each 5-year interval starting from 10 years of age. To determine the relationship between HGS and body mass index (BMI), correlation analysis was also performed. The sex-specific cutoff values for low HGS were presented by deriving the -2 SD values of healthy young adults. The mean HGS was 39.5±9.3 kg in men and 24.4±5.3 kg in women. The mean HGS increased from 10 to 39 years and peaked at 35-39 years in both men (46.0±7.2 kg) and women (27.2±4.6 kg). Men showed a higher correlation between HGS and BMI (r=0.378) than did women (r=0.134). The cutoff values for low HGS were 29.6 kg for men and 16.8 kg for women for -2 SD below the reference for healthy young adults. In Koreans, the mean HGS peaked at 35-39 years in both men and women, and the aging curve of HGS was steeper in men than in women. The cutoff values for low HGS were 29.6 kg and 16.8 kg for men and women, respectively.
Keywords
- Aging
- Hand strength
- Muscle strength
- Nutrition surveys
- Sarcopenia
Examining handgrip strength (HGS) asymmetry and weakness together may extend the predictive capacity of HGS for capturing possible health problems such as cognitive impairment. The purpose of this study was to determine the associations of HGS asymmetry and weakness on lower cognitive functioning in a national sample of aging Americans. Longitudinal panel. Participant residences. The analytic sample included 17,163 Americans aged 65.0 years (standard deviation = 10.1 years) who participated in the 2006 to 2016 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). A handgrip dynamometer was used to measure HGS; weakness was defined as HGS below 26 kg (men) or below 16 kg (women). Persons with HGS above 10% stronger on either hand were considered as having any HGS asymmetry. Those with HGS that was more than 10% stronger on their dominant or nondominant hand were considered as having dominant or nondominant HGS asymmetry, respectively. The Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status determined lower cognitive functioning (≤11 for ages 50-64 years; ≤10 for ages ≥65 years). Covariate-adjusted linear mixed-effects models analyzed the associations of each HGS asymmetry and weakness group on lower cognitive functioning. Relative to those with symmetric HGS and no weakness, each HGS asymmetry and weakness group had greater odds for lower cognitive functioning: 1.15 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03-1.27) for any HGS asymmetry alone, 1.64 (95% CI = 1.21-2.23) for weakness alone, and 1.95 (95% CI = 1.51-2.53) for any HGS asymmetry and weakness. Each HGS asymmetry dominance and weakness group also had greater odds for lower cognitive functioning: 1.12 (95% CI = 1.01-1.25) for asymmetric dominant HGS alone, 1.27 (95% CI = 1.05-1.53) for asymmetric nondominant HGS alone, 1.64 (95% CI = 1.21-2.23) for weakness alone, 1.89 (95% CI = 1.39-2.57) for weakness and asymmetric dominant HGS, and 2.10 (95% CI = 1.37-3.20) for weakness and asymmetric nondominant HGS. The presence of both HGS asymmetry and weakness may predict accelerated declines in cognitive functioning.
Keywords
- aging
- functional laterality
- geriatric assessment
- geriatrics
- muscle strength dynamometer
[i]Background:[/i] Handgrip strength (HGS) is a convent measure of strength capacity and associated with several age-related health conditions such as functional disability. Asymmetric strength between limbs has been linked to diminished function. Therefore, both HGS asymmetry and weakness could be associated with functional disability. We examined the associations of HGS asymmetry and weakness on functional limitations in a nationally representative sample of older Americans. [i]Methods[/i]: Data were analyzed from 2689 adults ≥ 60 years who participated in the 2011-2012 and 2013-2014 waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Weakness was defined as HGS < 26 kg for men and < 16 kg for women. Asymmetry was determined from the ratio of the dominant and non-dominant HGS. Those with HGS ratio 0.9-1.1 were considered as having HGS symmetry, and those outside this range had asymmetry. [i]Results:[/i] Compared to those with symmetric HGS and were not weak, those with weakness alone, and both weakness and HGS asymmetry had 2.47 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14-5.35) and 3.93 (CI: 1.18-13.07) greater odds for functional limitations, respectively. However, HGS asymmetry alone was not associated with functional limitations (odds ratio: 0.80; CI: 0.62-1.03). [i]Conclusion:[/i] The use of HGS asymmetry in protocols could improve the prognostic value of handgrip dynamometers.
MeSH Terms
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Female
- Geriatric Assessment
- Hand Strength
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Muscle Strength
- Muscle Strength Dynamometer
- Muscle Weakness
- Odds Ratio
- United States
Keywords
- aging
- geriatrics
- muscle strength
- muscle strength dynamometer
- nutrition surveys
Ageing is associated with a decrease in physical performance implying that aged manual workers may be unable to match the physical requirements of their jobs. In this cross-sectional study, 96 male manual workers aged 51-72 years were recruited. Outcomes included handgrip strength (HGS), fat-free mass (FFM), fat percentage, cardiorespiratory fitness ([Formula: see text]O max), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume after 1 s (FEV ), spinal flexibility, sit-to-stand test performance and static balance. Covariates included height, smoking habits, leisure-time physical activity and systemic inflammation from blood samples. Outcomes were also compared with general populations. Age was negatively related to FFM and FEV , whereas static balance (velocity of displacement) was positively associated with age. Greater HGS, but poorer [Formula: see text]O max and FEV /FEV ratio were found compared with general populations. Age was negatively related with physical performances although a large part of the variance in performance could be explained by factors other than age such as smoking and systemic inflammation. The manual workers had greater muscle strength but had poorer cardiorespiratory fitness and lung function when compared with general populations. Specific health interventions targeting specifically cardiorespiratory fitness, lung function, and balance may be needed to maintain physical performances among manual workers.
MeSH Terms
- Aged
- Aging
- Body Composition
- Body Mass Index
- Cardiorespiratory Fitness
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Hand Strength
- Humans
- Lung
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Physical Functional Performance
Gender and ethnicity are factors which influence strength, and hand dominance could be a critical component of handgrip strength (HGS) testing. Providing such HGS percentiles across the lifespan may help to identify weakness-related health concerns. We sought to generate growth charts and curves for HGS by gender and ethnicity in a nationally-representative sample of Americans aged 6-80 years. Data from 13,617 participants in the 2011-2012 and 2013-2014 waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. HGS was measured with a handgrip dynamometer. Age, gender, ethnicity, and hand dominance were self-reported. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated from height and body mass. Measures of absolute HGS and HGS normalized to BMI were separately included in parametric quantile regression analyses for determining the 10th-90th percentiles across ages by gender and ethnicity. Similar models were also conducted by hand dominance. Differences in absolute HGS and HGS normalized to BMI quantiles across ages existed for each ethnicity regardless of gender. In men, absolute HGS generally increased until about 25 years of age, began to decline around age 30 years, and regressed into older adulthood. In women, absolute HGS appeared to rise starting at age 6 years, peaked between 20 and 30 years of age, but was maintained into mid-life before declining in older adulthood. Similar results were found for HGS normalized to BMI. Our findings provide percentile charts for HGS capacity that could be utilized for comparing individual measures of HGS to those from a United States population-representative sample.
Keywords
- aging
- epidemiology
- hand strength
- human development
- muscle weakness
The Poincaré plot method can be used for both qualitative and quantitative assessment of self-similarity in usually periodic functions, hence the idea of applying it to the study of homeostasis of living organisms. From the analysis of numerous scientific data, it can be concluded that hand functionality can be correlated with the state of the human body as a biological system exposed to various forms of ontogenetic stress. We used the Poincaré plot method to analyze the variability of hand grip strength (HGS), as an entropic biomarker of aging, during 60 repetitive tests of the dominant and nondominant hand, in young and older healthy subjects. An observational cross-sectional study was performed on 80 young adults (18-22 years old, mean age 20.01 years) and 80 older people (65-69 years old, mean age 67.13 years), with a sex ratio of 1:1 for both groups. For statistical analysis, we applied univariate descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (Shapiro-Wilk test, Mann-Whitney U-test for independent large samples, with the determination of the effect size coefficient r, and simple linear regression. We calculated the effect of fatigue and the Poincaré indices SD , SD , SD /SD and the area of the fitting ellipse (AFE) for the test values of each subject. The analysis of the differences between groups revealed statistically significant results for most HGS-derived indices (p ≤ 0.05), and the magnitude of the differences indicated, in most situations, a large effect size (r > 0.5). Our results demonstrate that the proposed repetitive HGS testing indicates relevant differences between young and older healthy subjects. Through the mathematical modeling of data and the application of the concept of entropy, we provide arguments supporting this new design of HGS testing. Our results indicate that the variability of HGS during serial testing, which reflects complex repetitive biomechanical functions, represents an efficient indicator for differentiation between young and older hand function patterns from an entropic perspective. In practical terms, the variability of HGS, evaluated by the new serial testing design, can be considered an attractive and relatively simple biomarker to use for gerontological studies.
MeSH Terms
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aging
- Biomarkers
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Entropy
- Female
- Hand Strength
- Heart Rate
- Humans
- Male
Keywords
- Aging
- Entropy
- Hand grip strength
- Nonlinear dynamics
- Poincaré plot
- Time series
The average life expectancy has increased and despite a distinct feminization of aging, the number of older males continues to grow. Physical activity has a positive effect on health and helps to slow down the negative consequences of aging. The aim of the study was to evaluate possible relationships between physical fitness, physical activity and type of work during occupational activity among retired men (aged ≥65 years), no longer professionally active. The study included 104 men (aged from 65 to 90 years), further stratified into blue- and white-collar groups (66 and 38 subjects, respectively). The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used to assess their physical activity levels. Physical performance was assessed using the Short Physical Performance Battery test (SPPB) and handgrip strength (HGS) measurement. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) was used to identify the risk for depression. Mean physical activity in the study population was moderate in almost 70%, high in 19% and low in 11% of the subjects. Men with high physical activity levels had better SPPB and GDS scores ([i]p[/i] = .01 and [i]p[/i] = .001, respectively). In the blue-collar group, the IPAQ scores were lower than in the white-collar group, although the differences were statistically insignificant. The SPPB scores and mean HGS for the dominant hand were similar in both groups. Occupational physical activity should not substitute other forms of physical activity. Regardless of the type of work performed before retirement, the men obtained similar results in terms of their physical activity.
MeSH Terms
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aging
- Body Mass Index
- Exercise
- Geriatric Assessment
- Humans
- Longitudinal Studies
- Male
- Men's Health
- Occupations
- Physical Fitness
- Poland
- Retirement
- Social Class
- Surveys and Questionnaires
- Task Performance and Analysis
Keywords
- Retirement
- occupation
- old men
- physical activity
To investigate the relationship between hand grip strength (HGS) and self-rated health in middleand old-aged Korean subjects. The data used for this study were derived from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging. A total of 9,132 participants were enrolled using the year 2006 as the baseline, with additional data collected throughout the followup period until 2016. Chi-square test and generalized estimating equation regression models were used for data analysis. HGS was measured in a sitting position with the elbow fixed at 90° on both sides using a dynamometer, and calculated using the values measured from both sides. Relative HGS was measured by dividing HGS by the subject's body mass index. Self-rated health was assessed with the question "How would you rate your current health in general?" and answers were categorized as "excellent," "moderate," or "poor." HGS was shown to be inversely associated with self-rated health (odds ratio [OR], 0.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.93-0.94; P<0.0001). Patients aged 65 years or older with lower scores were more likely to report poor self-rated health. Similar results were obtained with relative HGS (OR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.36-0.45; P<0.0001), but standard HGS had better model fitting (quasi-likelihood under independence model criteria=33,890). HGS may be considered an index for the diagnosis of sarcopenia and may also affect self-rated health, which is a multidimensional indicator of an individual's health status and can identify patients who may require special attention.
Keywords
- Hand Grip Strength
- Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging
- Self-Rated Health
Quantifying the association between muscle weakness and mortality with carefully matched cohorts will help to better establish the impact of weakness on premature death. We used a matched cohort analysis in a national sample of older Americans to determine if those who were weak had a higher risk for mortality compared with control groups with incrementally higher strength capacities. Longitudinal panel. Detailed interviews that included physical measures were conducted in person, whereas core interviews were often performed over the telephone. Data from 19,729 Americans aged at least 50 years from the 2006-2014 waves of the Health and Retirement Study were analyzed. A handgrip dynamometer was used to assess handgrip strength (HGS) in each participant. Men with HGS <26 kg were considered weak, ≥26 kg were considered not weak, and ≥32 kg were considered strong. Women with HGS <16 kg were classified as weak, ≥16 kg were classified as not-weak, and ≥20 kg were classified as strong. The National Death Index and postmortem interviews determined the date of death. The greedy matching algorithm was used to match cohorts. Of the 1077 weak and not-weak matched pairs, 401 weak (37.2%) and 296 not-weak (27.4%) older Americans died over an average 4.4 ± 2.5-year follow-up. There were 392 weak (37.0%) and 243 strong (22.9%) persons who died over a mean 4.5 ± 2.5-year follow-up from the 1057 weak and strong matched pairs. Those in the weak cohort had a 1.40 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19, 1.64] and 1.54 (CI 1.30, 1.83) higher hazard for mortality relative to persons in the not-weak and strong control cohorts, respectively. Our findings may indicate a causal association between muscle weakness and mortality in older Americans. Health care providers should include measures of HGS as part of routine health assessments and discuss the health risks of muscle weakness with their patients.
Keywords
- Aging
- Epidemiology
- Geriatrics
- hand strength
- muscle strength
- sarcopenia
The age-related decline in handgrip strength (HGS) is an important indicator of weakening muscle strength concomitant with aging and sarcopenia. This study was to investigate the association between dietary patterns and HGS. In this cross-sectional study of 7,624 adults aged 19-64 years who were enrolled in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014-2016, we assessed HGS with a digital hand dynamometer while the participants adopted a standing position with their arms lowered. Their diets were examined with a food frequency questionnaire which included 112 food items and were categorized into 26 food groups. To determine the associations between dietary patterns and HGS, we employed a weighted multivariable linear regression model. We identified two dietary patterns: the Prudent and the Western dietary patterns. Individuals in the highest tertile of the Prudent dietary pattern had the highest HGS scores ([i]β[/i] = 0.54, [i]p[/i] < 0.001). No difference was found among the tertiles of the Western dietary pattern. Sex-specific stratification (2,953 men, 4,671 women) indicated that both sexes showed significant associations with HGS according to the tertiles of their factor loading scores in the Prudent dietary pattern (men, [i]β[/i] = 0.49, [i]p[/i] = 0.014; women, [i]β[/i] = 0.51, [i]p[/i] < 0.001). This cross-sectional study of 7,624 adults revealed a significantly positive association between HGS and the Prudent dietary pattern, even after adjusting for potential confounding factors.
Keywords
- Dietary patterns
- Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
- aging
- diet
- handgrip strength
Aging causes both structural and functional changes in the skeletal muscle, and is associated with changes in body composition form, which results in an increased incidence of cardiovascular death. Handgrip strength (HGS) is a simple, fast, reliable, and cost-effective tool for measuring muscle strength. We aimed to investigate which index was most suitable for predicting cardiovascular disease (CVD), and suggested the optimal cut-off points based on the handgrip strength index. In addition, we aimed to identify the effects of weak HGS, as determined by applying the optimal cut point on the occurrence of CVD. A total of 8494 older men and women aged over 45 years from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) were included in this study at baseline. We performed general estimating equations (GEE) with independent correlation structure to assess whether handgrip strength is longitudinally related to occurrence of CVDs such as heart disease or stroke reported from 1 st to 6th wave of KLoSA. The relative HGS was strongly associated with CVD in both sexes, and the best fit model was in that in comparison to dominant HGS and absolute HGS. In addition, we calculated the optimal cut point for CVD based on the relative HGS in this study (men: 2.52 and women: 1.55, respectively), and demonstrated that low HGS, as determined by applying relative HGS cut points, was associated with a higher OR for CVD compared to normal HGS; the associations observed were consistent between the sexes. Our findings suggest that HGS has the potential to be a valuable screening tool for cardiovascular risk in clinical settings; this is advantageous in situations where blood sampling is not possible since HGS is easily measured and highly reproducible. It is necessary to pay attention to weak grip strength against body size in the elderly population.
MeSH Terms
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aging
- Cardiovascular Diseases
- Female
- Hand Strength
- Humans
- Longitudinal Studies
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Muscle Strength
- Muscle, Skeletal
- Republic of Korea
- Risk Factors
Keywords
- Cardiovascular disease
- KLoSA
- Relative handgrip strength
Discovering how certain health factors contribute to functional declines may help to promote successful aging. To determine the independent and joint associations of handgrip strength (HGS) and cognitive function with instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) and activities of daily living (ADL) disability decline in aging Americans. Data from 18,391 adults aged 50 years and over who participated in at least one wave of the 2006-2014 waves of the Health and Retirement Study were analyzed. A hand-held dynamometer assessed HGS and cognitive functioning was examined with a modified version of the Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status. IADL and ADL abilities were self-reported. Participants were stratified into four distinct groups based on their HGS and cognitive function status. Separate covariate-adjusted multilevel models were conducted for the analyses. Participants who were weak, had a cognitive impairment, and had both weakness and a cognitive impairment had 1.70 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.57-1.84), 1.97 (CI 1.74-2.23), and 3.13 (CI 2.73-3.59) greater odds for IADL disability decline, respectively, and 2.26 (CI 2.03-2.51), 1.26 (CI 1.05-1.51), and 4.48 (CI 3.72-5.39) greater odds for ADL disability decline, respectively. HGS and cognitive functioning were independently and jointly associated with IADL and ADL disability declines. Individuals with both weakness and cognitive impairment demonstrated substantially higher odds for functional decline than those with either risk factor alone. Including measures of both HGS and cognitive functioning in routine geriatric assessments may help to identify those at greatest risk for declining functional capacity.
MeSH Terms
- Activities of Daily Living
- Aged
- Aging
- Cognitive Dysfunction
- Geriatric Assessment
- Hand Strength
- Humans
- Middle Aged
Keywords
- Dementia
- Epidemiology
- Geriatrics
- Muscle strength
- Nervous system
The aim of the present study was to associate phase angle (PhA) with sarcopenia and its components in physically active older women. A cross-sectional study was performed with 94 physically active older women. PhA and muscle mass were assessed by bioelectrical impedance. Muscle strength was measured by handgrip strength (HGS) and functional capacity was evaluated by 4-meter walk test. Sarcopenia was diagnosed according to the European Consensus on Definition and Diagnosis of Sarcopenia (2010). Participants were evaluated according to the PhA tercile. The individuals were divided into two groups: 1st vs. 2nd and 3rd terciles. The individuals in the first tercile were considered having low PhA (< 5.7º). Low PhA was not associated with sarcopenia (OR = 1.50 (0.520-4.319)), low muscle mass index (OR = 1.50 (0.520-4.319)), low HGS (OR = 3.15 (0.954-10.401)) and low walk speed (OR = 1.46 (0.384-5.534)). In addition, PhA had a weak correlation with walk speed (r = 0.24, p = 0.023) and walk speed was able to predict the PhA variations by 3.9%. PhA was not associated with sarcopenia and its components in physically active older women. Although PhA was correlated with walk speed, the biological meaning of this association is questionable, since the power of the prediction was low.
MeSH Terms
- Aged
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Electric Impedance
- Female
- Hand Strength
- Humans
- Muscle Strength
- Sarcopenia
- Walking Speed
Keywords
- Aging
- Bioimpedance
- Muscle function
- Muscle mass
Despite no international consensus on the diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia, low lean mass, muscle strength, and physical function are important risk factors for disability, frailty, and mortality in older individuals, as well as in a wide range of patients with muscle loss. Here, we provide a population-based reference material of total and regional lean body mass, muscle strength/power parameters, and physical function in a healthy cohort of Danish men and women across the lifespan. Volunteers aged 20-93 years from the Copenhagen City Heart Study were invited to establish a Danish reference material (Copenhagen Sarcopenia Study) on lean mass characteristics [appendicular lean mass (ALM), iDXA, GE Lunar], muscle function [handgrip strength (HGS), Jamar dynamometer and leg extension power (LEP), Nottingham Power Rig], and physical function [30 s sit-to-stand test (STS), 10-m maximal and habitual gait speed (GS)]. A total of 1305 participants [729 women (age: 56.4 ± 18.9 years, height: 1.66 ± 0.01 m, body mass index: 24.6 ± 4.3 kg/m and 576 men, age: 57.0 ± 17.5 years, height: 1.80 ± 0.07 m, body mass index: 26.0 ± 3.9 kg/m ] completed all measurements and were included in the present analysis. Lean mass characteristics (TLM, ALM, and ALM/h ) decreased with increasing age in both men and women (P < 0.001). Men demonstrated larger absolute and relative total ALM and higher HGS and LEP compared with women at all age intervals (P < 0.001). HGS and LEP decreased progressively with age in both men and women (P < 0.01); 30 s STS performance, habitual GS, and maximal GS decreased at an accellerated rate of decline with increasing age in both men and women (P < 0.001). Habitual GS was reduced in men and women aged ≥70 years, while maximal GS was reduced from the age of ≥60 years compared with young adults (P < 0.001). Regardless of sex, 30 s STS was reduced from the age of ≥50 years compared with the young reference group (P < 0.001) CONCLUSIONS: While the power-based measurements (LEP and 30 s STS) started to decline already at age 50 years, less power-based parameters (GS and HGS) and lean mass characteristics (TLM, ALM, and ALM/h ) remained unaltered until after the age of 70 years. Notably, the cut-off thresholds derived in the present study differed from earlier reference data, which underlines the importance of obtaining updated and local reference materials.
MeSH Terms
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Body Composition
- Cohort Studies
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Denmark
- Female
- Hand Strength
- Humans
- Leg
- Longevity
- Middle Aged
- Prospective Studies
- Sarcopenia
- Young Adult
Keywords
- Body composition
- DXA
- Handgrip strength
- Lean mass
- Leg power
- Sarcopenia
Little is known about muscle strength and physical performance in Chinese. This study aimed to assess the age- and sex-related differences in muscle strength and physical performance in older Chinese. Three hundred and eight healthy participants (110 males and 198 females) age 68.3 ± 6.1 (mean ± SD) years were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The handgrip muscle strength (HGS) of the dominant hand was measured using a Jamar dynamometer. Physical performance was assessed by the Timed Up and Go test (TUG). The EuroQol five-dimension questionnaire (EQ-5D) was used to evaluate participants' health status. Men showed higher levels of HGS with a smaller percentage having low muscle strength compared with women. No differences were observed in TUG between sexes. No significant association of TUG and age was observed in males. However, older females had increased TUG and hence poorer performance. Good health status was associated with better physical performance but was not related to muscle strength in either sex. In men, there was no correlation between age and TUG, although a negative association with handgrip muscle strength was observed. For women, both muscle strength and physical performance declined with age. The sex-related differences in aging effects on physical performance in our study could partly explain why women have a higher incidence of hip fracture than men. Chinese women may be more vulnerable to severe sarcopenia in old age than men.
MeSH Terms
- Aged
- Aging
- Asian Continental Ancestry Group
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Female
- Health Status
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Muscle Strength
- Physical Functional Performance
- Postural Balance
- Sex Characteristics
- Time and Motion Studies
Keywords
- Age
- Handgrip strength
- Physical performance
- Sarcopenia
- Sex
The primary purpose of this study was to determine the time-varying associations between decreased handgrip strength (HGS) and individual instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) impairments for a nationally-representative sample of aging adults in the United States. Longitudinal-Panel. Detailed interviews were completed in person and core interviews were typically completed over the telephone. A total of 15,336 participants aged at least 50 years who participated in the 2006 wave of the Health and Retirement Study were followed biennially for 8-years. A hand-held dynamometer assessed HGS and performance in IADLs were self-reported. Every 5-kilogram decrease in HGS was associated with an increased odds ratio for the following IADL impairments: 1.11 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09, 1.13) for using a map, 1.10 (CI: 1.07, 1.12) for grocery shopping, 1.09 (CI: 1.05, 1.14) for taking medications, 1.07 (CI: 1.05, 1.09) for preparing hot meals, 1.06 (CI: 1.04, 1.08) for managing money, and 1.05 (CI: 1.02, 1.09) for using a telephone. Decreased HGS was associated with each IADL impairment, and slightly different associations were observed in individual IADL tasks for aging adults in the United States. Our findings suggest that decreased HGS, which is reflective of reduced function of the neuromuscular system, is associated with diminished performance in autonomous living tasks during aging. Losses in HGS may lead to the development of an IADL impairment. Therefore, health-care providers working with aging adults should utilize measures of HGS as a screening tool for identifying future deficits in neuromuscular functioning. Interventions designed to preserve IADLs in aging adults should also include measures of HGS for detecting early changes in IADL capacity, and intervening at the onset of HGS declines may help aging adults retain their ability to live autonomously.
MeSH Terms
- Activities of Daily Living
- Aged
- Hand Strength
- Humans
- Middle Aged
- Physical Functional Performance
- Self Report
- United States
Keywords
- Cognition
- geriatrics
- motor skills
- muscle strength
- muscle weakness
Preserved functions of daily life and cognition are cornerstones of independent aging, which is crucial for maintaining a high quality of life. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of sarcopenia, and its underlying components, on independent ageing in a cohort study of very old men. The presence of sarcopenia and independent ageing at a mean age of 87 was investigated in 287 men from the Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men. Five years later 127 men were re-evaluated for independent ageing. Sarcopenia was defined by two different definitions from the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. In the first definition sarcopenia was defined as skeletal muscle index < 7.26 kg/m and either gait speed ≤0.8 m/s or hand grip strength < 30 kg. In the later up-dated definition, HGS < 27 kg and/or chair stand test > 15 s defines probable sarcopenia, which is confirmed by SMI < 7.0 kg/m . Independent ageing was defined as a Mini-Mental State Examination score of ≥25 points, absence of diagnosed dementia, community-dwelling, independency in personal care and ability to walk outdoors alone. Sarcopenia at baseline was observed in 21% (60/287) and 20% (58/287), respectively, due to definition. The prevalence of independent ageing was 83% (239/288) at baseline and 69% (87/127) five years later. None of the sarcopenia diagnoses were associated with independent ageing. In contrast, gait speed was both in cross-sectional (odds ratio (OR) per one standard deviation increase 2.15, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.47-3.15), and in longitudinal multivariate analyses (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.19-2.82). In the cross-sectional analysis also higher hand grip strength was associated with independent ageing (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.12-2.22), while a slower chair stand test was inversely associated (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.43-0.86). Muscle mass; i.e. skeletal muscle index, was not associated with independent ageing. For very old men, especially a higher gait speed, but also a higher hand grip strength and a faster chair stand test, were associated with independent ageing, while skeletal muscle index alone, and the composite sarcopenia phenotype measured with two different definitions, were not.
MeSH Terms
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aging
- Cohort Studies
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Follow-Up Studies
- Hand Strength
- Humans
- Independent Living
- Longitudinal Studies
- Male
- Muscle Strength
- Muscle, Skeletal
- Sarcopenia
- Sweden
- Walking
Keywords
- Chair stand test
- EWGSOP1
- EWGSOP2
- Gait speed
- Hand grip strength
- Independent ageing
- Muscle function
- Muscle mass
- Sarcopenia
The aim of this study was to investigate nutritional status in older patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) to determine the prevalence of nutritional markers indicating protein-energy wasting (PEW) as assessed by subjective global assessment (SGA) and other methods, and to explore which nutritional markers can best predict clinical outcomes. The study included 173 patients (median age 69 y; 65% men; 38% diabetes) undergoing MHD for >3 mo. Nutritional markers included SGA, malnutrition-inflammation score (MIS), geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI), handgrip strength (HGS), midarm muscle circumference (MAMC), triceps skinfold thickness (SKF), calf circumference, and albumin. Associations between PEW (diagnosed by different measures and thresholds) and risk for hospitalization (by Poisson regression) and all-cause mortality (by Cox proportional hazards model) were analyzed. Depending on methods and thresholds used, the prevalence of nutritional markers indicatingPEW varied from 6.9% to 59.5%. In the Poisson models adjusted for age, sex, dialysis length, and diabetes, low SGA, HGS, albumin, and high MIS score were associated with high hospitalization events, whereas in the bivariate Cox regression models adjusted for the same variables, low SGA, GNRI, BMI, calf circumference, and high MIS score were associated with high hazard ratio (HR) for mortality. In addition, in the multivariate models, SGA showed the strongest association with mortality (HR, 2.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27-4.24) and together with MIS (HR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.20-3.64), the highest values of C-statistics. Among older MHD patients, the prevalence of nutritional markers indicating PEW varies substantially depending on methods applied. SGA, MIS, BMI, GNRI, calf circumference, and HGS predicted worse outcomes. SGA and MIS showed the strongest association with hospitalization and mortality risk in the adjusted models.
MeSH Terms
- Aged
- Biomarkers
- Body Mass Index
- Female
- Geriatric Assessment
- Humans
- Inflammation
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Nutrition Assessment
- Nutritional Status
- Prevalence
- Proportional Hazards Models
- Protein-Energy Malnutrition
- Renal Dialysis
- Risk Assessment
- Risk Factors
- Serum Albumin
- Severity of Illness Index
Keywords
- Aging
- Chronic kidney disease
- End-stage renal disease
- Hospitalization
- Malnutrition
- Mortality
- Protein–energy wasting
Decreased muscle strength and/or depression with aging are emerging as important public health concerns in both developed and developing countries. This study investigated the effects of low handgrip strength (HGS) and depression on the risk of all-cause mortality in Korean older adults. Data from 13,901 Korean adults (57% women) who participated in the 2008 baseline survey and completed the 2011 follow-up assessments were used. In total, the current findings showed that individuals with depression only and individuals with low HGS plus depression had significantly higher risks of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.366, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.033-1.807, p = 0.029 and HR = 1.961, 95% CI = 1.409-2.736, p < 0.001, respectively) even after adjustments for all the measured covariates, compared with individuals with high HGS plus no depression (HR = 1). Gender-stratified analysis showed that men with depression only and men with depression plus low HGS had significantly higher risks of all-cause mortality (HR = 1.376, 95% CI =1.029-1.841, p = 0.031 and HR = 1.861, 95% CI = 1.306-2.651, p = 0.001, respectively) even after adjustments for all the measured covariates, compared with individuals with no depression plus high HGS (HR = 1). In women, however, the joint effect of depression and low HGS only remained significant at borderline (HR = 2.603, 95% CI = 0.981-6.908, p = 0.055) when adjusted for all the confounders. The current finding suggested that depression and low HGS were significantly and synergistically associated with the increased risk of premature death from all causes in the Korean geriatric population.
MeSH Terms
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Cause of Death
- Depression
- Female
- Hand Strength
- Humans
- Longitudinal Studies
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mortality
- Muscle Strength
- Prospective Studies
- Republic of Korea
- Surveys and Questionnaires
Keywords
- Aging
- Geriatrics
- Mental health
- Physical dysfunction
- Premature death
[i]Background[/i]: This study sought to examine whether handgrip strength (HGS), a measure of muscle strength and a biomarker of aging, was associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a cohort of World Trade Center (WTC) responders at midlife. [i]Methods[/i]: HGS was assessed utilizing a computer-assisted hand dynamometer administered to a consecutive sample of men and women ([i]n[/i] = 2016) who participated in rescue and recovery efforts following the World Trade Center (WTC) attacks and subsequently attended monitoring appointments in Long Island, NY. PTSD symptom severity and depressive symptoms were assessed using the PTSD specific-trauma checklist (PCL-S) and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). General linear models were used to examine the association of WTC-related PTSD with HGS after adjusting for confounders. [i]Results[/i]: The sample was at midlife (mean age = 53.3) when assessed, and 91.3% were men. Nearly 10% of the sample had probable PTSD (PCL ≥ 44) with concomitant depression (PHQ ≥ 10), while 5.1% had probable PTSD without depression. Average HGS was 57.4 lbs. (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 56.6⁻58.1) among men and 36.1 lbs. (95% CI = 33.8⁻38.5) among women. Mean HGS of those with probable PTSD with concomitant depression was lower (45.9 lbs., 95% CI = 43.6⁻48.2) than responders with only PTSD (49.1 lbs., 95% CI = 46.0⁻52.4) and those without PTSD or depression (57.5 lbs., 95% CI = 56.2⁻57.8). Subdomain analyses of PTSD symptoms revealed that re-experiencing symptoms at enrollment ([i]p[/i] = 0.003) was associated with lower HGS after adjusting for depressive symptoms and other confounders. [i]Discussion[/i]: Results suggested that higher WTC-related PTSD symptom severity was associated with lower HGS. Results support ongoing work suggesting that PTSD may be associated with more rapid physical aging. The potential for developing interventions that might simultaneously improve physical and mental health in the aftermath of trauma may be considered.
MeSH Terms
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aging
- Cohort Studies
- Depression
- Emergency Responders
- Female
- Hand Strength
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- September 11 Terrorist Attacks
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
Keywords
- 9/11 disaster
- PTSD
- WTC responders
- aging
- depression
- handgrip strength
Handgrip strength (HGS) begins an accelerating decline around 50 years. Many of the studies performed in old adults have demonstrated a significant relationship between vitamin D and HGS, but the studies performed in participants with a broad age range have yielded conflicting results. The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between vitamin D and HGS using age 50 as a specific cut-off. Population-based, cross-sectional study. Totally 5102 participants (2911 males, 2191 females) from the TCLSIH Cohort. Serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) was measured using an enzyme immunoassay. We divided participants into quartiles according to 25(OH)D, and the ranges for increasing quartiles were as follows: (males [≥50 years]: 10.94-31.85, 31.88-43.01, 43.20-56.06, 56.20-143.0; males [<50 years]: 11.11-34.68, 34.71-46.91, 46.96-59.45, 59.50-143.7; females [≥50 years]: 7.21-30.01, 30.02-40.18, 40.21-52.44, 52.49-275.4; females [<50 years]: 5.29-28.91, 28.92-40.19, 40.20-51.90, 51.91-140.2). HGS was measured with a hydraulic hand-held dynamometer. Analysis of covariance was employed to explore the relationship. Among males aged above 50 years, the means (95% confidence interval) for HGS per body weight across the categories of serum 25(OH)D concentration were 0.523 (0.430-0.638), 0.545 (0.447-0.664), 0.543 (0.446-0.661), 0.546 (0.449-0.664) (P < 0.01) after adjustment for potential confounding factors. However, no relationships were observed between serum 25(OH)D concentration and HGS in males aged below 50 years and females in the whole age range. Serum 25(OH)D concentration was significantly related to HGS in males aged above 50 years, independent of confounding factors. Future studies are needed to clarify the age and sex relationship between serum 25(OH)D concentration and HGS.
MeSH Terms
- Aging
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Female
- Hand Strength
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Vitamin D
Keywords
- 25-hydroxyvitamin D
- cross-sectional study
- muscle strength
- muscle weakness
- physical function
- sarcopenia
- vitamin D
Accurate assessment of isometric hand grip strength (HGS) and isometric lower limb strength (LS) are often limited to specialized clinics due to high costs and need for specialized equipment and personnel. A mobile and user-friendly device would facilitate a wider use of these measures in the clinical setting. The Nintendo Wii Balance Board (WBB) is a novel and pragmatic tool that has been validated for measuring muscle strength and other clinically relevant physiological variables. However, reference data for HGS and LS are lacking. The purpose of the current study is to establish reference data for HGS and LS in individuals ≥20 years of age using the WBB method, and to characterize the effects of age in these measurements. Healthy participants were recruited at various locations and their HGS and LS were tested by six assessors using the WBB. Reference data were analysed and presented in age-groups, while the age-related change in HGS and LS was tested and characterized with linear regression models. Three hundred and fifty-four participants between 20 and 99 years of age were tested. Data are presented separately according to gender and the following age categories: 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, 70-79, and 80 , and presented in absolute values as well as percentiles. The main findings were; (1) Significantly higher HGS and LS among males compared to females and for the dominant limb compared to the non-dominant limb, (2) a significant decline in strength with increasing age, and (3) the rate of decline increased significantly (i.e. it was non-linear) with age for HGS, but not for LS. This study reported reference data with percentiles for a novel method for assessing HGS and LS. Data were consistent with previously known effects of age and gender on HGS and LS. The presented data may supplement future trials using the WBB in research or in the clinical setting.
MeSH Terms
- Adult
- Age Factors
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aging
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Female
- Hand Strength
- Healthy Volunteers
- Humans
- Lower Extremity
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Musculoskeletal Diseases
- Postural Balance
- Sex Factors
- Symptom Assessment
- Video Games
- Young Adult
Keywords
- Force plate
- Isometric hand grip strength
- Isometric lower limb strength
- Muscle strength and aging
- Nintendo Wii balance board
- Normative data
- Reference data
The purposes of this study were to investigate the effect of hand-grip strength (HGS) on the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score in women with upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders (UEMDs) living in rural communities and examine whether upper extremity diseases affected upper extremity functional activity in each group (normal/low HGS) and whether grip strength (GS) was an effect modifier in upper extremity functional activity. A total of 239 women older than 60 years who had completed a medical workup for epicondylitis, rotator cuff tears, and/or hand osteoarthritis were included in the final study. Functional activity was assessed by DASH, and muscle strength was measured by GS. Low HGS was defined according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (HGS <18 kg in women). Pearson correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between HGS and the DASH score. A multiple regression analysis was performed after defining DASH as a dependent variable and dividing subjects into two groups (low HGS and normal HGS). Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Statistics V.24. HGS in the participants correlated with the DASH score ([i]r[/i]=-0.320, [i]P[/i]<0.001). In the low HGS group, waist circumference ([i]B[/i]=-0.526, [i]P[/i]=0.010) and the DASH score were significantly correlated. In addition, DASH scores were statistically significantly increased as the number of upper extremity diseases increased to 2 ([i]B[/i]=11.592, [i]P[/i]=0.016) and 3 ([i]B[/i]=15.716, [i]P[/i]=0.001). The DASH score in the normal HGS group was correlated with the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 score ([i]β[/i]=2.680, [i]P[/i]<0.001) after adjusting covariates. We found that HGS in UEMD patients affected health-related quality of life as measured by the DASH. Maintaining hand muscle strength may improve patient functional activity in age-related UEMDs.
MeSH Terms
- Aged
- Disability Evaluation
- Female
- Hand Strength
- Health Status
- Humans
- Middle Aged
- Musculoskeletal Diseases
- Quality of Life
- Surveys and Questionnaires
- Upper Extremity
Keywords
- aging
- functional activity
- hand-grip strength
- quality of life
- rural
- upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders
The Golden Ratio (GR) and the Fibonacci sequence have wide applications in biodiversity research, and recent studies indicate that the GR can be highlighted in the organization and physiological functioning of many body systems. The aim of this cross-sectional descriptive study is to determine the applicability of a mathematical model derived from the Fibonacci sequence to investigate the changes in hand grip strength (HGS) induced by the aging process. We assessed the HGS for both hands, using a Saehan hydraulic hand dynamometer in a group of autonomous elderly subjects. One hundred twenty 55-year-old subjects (58 males and 62 females) and seventy 89-year-old subjects (31 men and 39 women) were included in the study group. All subjects were completely independent or independent with minimal assistance in activities of daily living (ADL), as determined after applying the Barthel index of ADL. The data series were statistically processed using descriptive statistics (univariate analysis) and inferential statistical methods (the t test for unpaired groups, with effect size measure - Cohen's d and the ratio of the means method). The decline of the relative HGS between the two age groups can be expressed by values close to the GR value (p < 0.001), both in relation to body symmetry (left hand/right hand evaluation) and laterality (dominant hand/non-dominant hand evaluation), for both sexes. For the whole group of men and women, the rhythm of HGS decline may be expressed by a value (1.61) notably close to the GR, regardless of body symmetry or laterality. The common pattern of the relative HGS reduction between 55 and 89 years, as expressed by a value notably close to GR, can be considered to be an expression of a specific and predictable manifestation of the aging process, in the absence of disability.
MeSH Terms
- Activities of Daily Living
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aging
- Biomarkers
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Female
- Hand Strength
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Models, Theoretical
Keywords
- Decline
- Golden ratio
- Hand dynamometry
- Muscle strength
- Older people
Body image, according to the definition by Ledoux et al.(1) is "the systematic, cognitive, affective, conscious, and unconscious representation that people have concerning their bodies during their biological development and throughout their social relationships". To determine the prevalence of body image satisfaction (BIS) and its relationship with sociodemographic, functional and clinical aspects in older adults. A cross-sectional, analytical and prospective study of a random sample of older adults from all health districts of Porto Alegre (30 health units) was conducted. The following aspects were studied: sociodemographic data (sex, age, marital status and education), BIS (Stunkard's scale), functional tests (30 seconds Sit/Stand Test, time to walk 10m, Handgrip Strength - HGS), physical activity (Minnesota Questionnaire) and cognition (Mini-Mental State Examination). Most of the 532 participants were dissatisfied with their body image (92.5%), particularly the women (71.7%). After Binary Logistic Regression (6 steps), BIS predictors were: high scores for the Sit/Stand (OR: 1.13; p=0.013), higher HGS (OR: 1.06; p=0.049), shorter time engaged in physical activity (OR: 0.77; p<0.001). The prevalence of BIS was low and most of the variables analyzed bore no relation to BIS. Notwithstanding, a relationship was found with greater HGS, higher Sit/Stand score and less time engaged in physical activity. Given the scarcity of studies on this subject, our study furthers the knowledge on how body image affects this population group.
Keywords
- aged
- aging
- body image
- primary health care
- public health
Orthostatic hypotension (OH) may negatively affect physical functioning and aggravate morbidities, but existing evidence is contradictory. MEDLINE (from 1946), PubMed (from 1966) and EMBASE databases (from 1947) were systematically searched for studies on the association of OH and physical functioning in older adults, categorized as: balance, gait characteristics, walking speed, Timed Up and Go time, handgrip strength (HGS), physical frailty, exercise tolerance, physical activity, activities of daily living (ADL), and performance on the Hoehn and Yahr scale (HY) and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Forty-two studies were included in the systematic review (29,421 individuals) and 29 studies in the meta-analyses (23,879 individuals). Sixteen out of 42 studies reported a significant association of OH with worse physical functioning. Meta-analysis showed a significant association of OH with impaired balance, ADL performance and HY/UPDRS III performance, but not with gait characteristics, mobility, walking speed, TUG, HGS, physical frailty, exercise tolerance, physical activity and UPDRS II performance. OH was associated with impaired balance, ADL performance and HY/UPDRS III performance, but not with other physical functioning categories. The results suggest that OH interventions could potentially improve some aspects of physical functioning.
MeSH Terms
- Aged
- Aging
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Exercise
- Female
- Gait
- Hand Strength
- Humans
- Hypotension, Orthostatic
- Male
- Prospective Studies
- Walking
Keywords
- ADL
- Balance
- Gait
- Handgrip strength
- Timed up and go
- Walking speed
Despite the potential detrimental effects of systemic inflammation on muscle mass, which is mainly observed in patients with pathologic diseases, its role in muscle strength, especially in a healthy general population reflecting subclinical low-grade inflammation, is unclear. This is a nationally representative population-based, cross-sectional study from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which enrolled 1,036 men aged ≥50 years and 1,080 postmenopausal women. After adjustment for confounders, serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) level was inversely associated with hand grip strength (HGS) in men. Consistently, compared with men in the lowest serum hsCRP quartile, those in the highest quartile showed a significant lower HGS, with a linear decrease of HGS across increasing serum hsCRP quartiles. Men with low muscle strength had 74.2% higher serum hsCRP than those without, and each standard deviation increment in serum hsCRP was associated with a multivariate-adjusted odds ratio of 1.35 for the risk of low muscle strength in men. However, these associations were not statistically significant in women. These findings provide clinical evidence that chronic subclinical low-grade inflammation may contribute to the deterioration of muscle strength seen with aging, especially in men.
MeSH Terms
- Aged
- Aging
- C-Reactive Protein
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Female
- Hand Strength
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Nutrition Surveys
- Republic of Korea
Keywords
- hand grip strength
- high sensitivity C-reactive protein
- inflammation
- muscle strength
- sarcopenia
How nutrition status indicators relate to function in older adults is an issue that needs to be explored. This study aimed to quantify the associations of anthropometric parameters and nutrition status indicators with hand grip strength (HGS) and gait speed (GS) in older adults. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in a population-based sample of 1500 older adults ≥65 years old. Logistic regression models were used to explore the associations between anthropometric, nutrition, and functional measures. Lower values of height, mid-arm muscle circumference, and calf circumference, as well as higher values of waist circumference, were associated with both low GS and HGS. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for low GS was around 2-fold higher in participants presenting risk for undernutrition or undernutrition. The adjusted OR (95% confidence interval) for low HGS was 1.54 (1.01-2.36) in women and 1.57 (0.91-2.72) in men at risk for undernutrition/undernutrition. In older adults, lower values of height and calf circumference, as well as higher waist circumference, were associated with both low GS and HGS. Lower values of mid-arm muscle circumference were also associated with low values of both functional parameters only in men. The risk for undernutrition/undernutrition was more strongly associated with low GS than with low HGS in both women and men.
MeSH Terms
- Aged
- Anthropometry
- Cluster Analysis
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Female
- Geriatric Assessment
- Hand Strength
- Humans
- Male
- Nutritional Status
- Portugal
- Walking Speed
Keywords
- anthropometry
- gait speed
- geriatrics
- hand strength
- nutrition status
Handgrip strength (HGS) is often used as an indicator of overall muscle strength for aging adults, and low HGS is associated with a variety of poor health outcomes including chronic morbidities, functional disabilities, and all-cause mortality. As public health initiatives and programs target the preservation of muscle strength for aging adults, it is important to understand how HGS factors into the disabling process and the sequence of health events that connect low HGS with premature mortality. Such information will help to inform interventions designed to slow the disabling process and improve health outcomes for those at risk for muscle weakness. Further, unraveling the disabling process and identifying the role of weakness throughout the life course will help to facilitate the adoption of HGS measurements into clinical practice for healthcare providers and their patients. The purposes of this article were to (1) highlight evidence demonstrating the associations between HGS and clinically relevant health outcomes, (2) provide directions for future research in HGS and health, and (3) propose a sequence of health-related events that may better explain the role of muscle weakness in the disabling process.
MeSH Terms
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aging
- Hand Strength
- Health Behavior
- Health Status
- Humans
- Muscle Weakness
Radical esophagectomy remains the primary treatment option for resectable esophageal cancer. However, it sometimes induces postoperative complications due to its invasive nature. Recently, the impact of loss of muscle mass on postoperative complications and survival among cancer patients has been highlighted. This study aimed to identify the impact of low hand grip strength (HGS) on postoperative complications after esophagectomy. A total of 188 patients (male: 166, female: 22) who underwent radical esophagectomy with gastric tube reconstruction between 2008 and 2014 were included. The correlation between HGS and age was analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Due to the small patient numbers, only male patients were stratified into two groups according to age (<70 years: non-elderly group, ≥70 years: elderly group). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed for each group using postoperative complication occurrence as the endpoint to determine an optimal HGS cutoff value. Postoperative complications occurred in 60.9% of the elderly group and 47.4% of the non-elderly group. When the cutoff values were set at 30.5 and 37 kg for the elderly and non-elderly group, respectively, low HGS was an independent predictive factor of postoperative complications on multivariate analysis only in the elderly group (p = 0.008). In the elderly group, the incidence of postoperative pneumonia was 39.5% among patients with low HGS vs. 3.8% among patients with high HGS. Preoperative HGS is an independent predictive factor of postoperative complications, especially postoperative pneumonia, for elderly male patients with esophageal cancer treated with radical esophagectomy.
MeSH Terms
- Adult
- Age Factors
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aging
- Esophageal Neoplasms
- Esophagectomy
- Female
- Forced Expiratory Volume
- Hand Strength
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Postoperative Complications
- Preoperative Care
- Prognosis
- ROC Curve
- Retrospective Studies
- Risk Factors
Keywords
- Esophageal cancer
- Handgrip strength
- Postoperative complications
Swallowing muscle strength weakens with aging. Although numerous studies have investigated tongue pressure (TP) changes with age, studies on jaw-opening force (JOF), an indicator of suprahyoid muscle strength, are lacking. We investigated differences between age-related declines in TP and JOF in a cross-sectional study of 980 healthy and independent participants (379 men, 601 women) without dysphagia. Hand grip strength (HGS), TP, and JOF were compared among decade-based age groups in multiple comparison analyses with post-hoc tests and effect size calculated. Participants were divided into adult (20 s-50 s) and elderly groups (60 s-80 s); within each group, Pearson correlations between age and muscle strength indices were evaluated. TP started to significantly decline in the 60 s and 50 s for men and women (p < .01, medium effect size and p < .05, small effect size, respectively); HGS also declined at these ages (men: p < .01, women: p < .01, medium effect size). JOF started to significantly decline in men in their 80 s (p < .01, large effect size), but remained unchanged in women. In the elderly group, all measurements declined with age more sharply in men (HGS: r = -0.56, TP: r = -0.63, JOF: r = -0.13) than in women (HGS: r = -0.38, TP: r = -0.49, JOF: r = -0.003). TP declined more steeply than did JOF. Thus, the age related-decline in TP was similar to that of the HGS, but not the JOF. The results reveal that different patterns exist in the age-related decline in swallowing muscle strength, and suggest that maintenance of JOF might contribute to safe swallowing in healthy elderly individuals.
MeSH Terms
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aging
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Deglutition
- Female
- Humans
- Jaw
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Muscle Strength
- Pressure
- Tongue
- Young Adult
Keywords
- Age-related dysphagia
- Hand grip strength
- Jaw-opening force
- Sarcopenia
- Suprahyoid muscle
- Tongue pressure
{{medline-entry |title=Association between handgrip strength, balance, and knee flexion/extension strength in older adults. |pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29856802 |abstract=The objective of the study was to examine the association between handgrip strength (HGS), knee flexion and extension strength, and static and dynamic balance in older women. One hundred and ten women with a mean age of 67.4±5.9 years were assessed for dynamic postural balance using the Time Up