GGA2
ADP-ribosylation factor-binding protein GGA2 (Gamma-adaptin-related protein 2) (Golgi-localized, gamma ear-containing, ARF-binding protein 2) (VHS domain and ear domain of gamma-adaptin) (Vear) [KIAA1080]
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It is well known that clathrin-mediated endocytosis is crucial for the normal functioning and integrity of neurons in the central nervous system. In this study we attempted to correlate the expression of coat proteins with development in different areas of rat brain. By Western blot, we studied the expression of AP-2, GGA1 and GGA2 in striatum, cerebellum, brain stem, cerebral cortex and hippocampus of newborn rats and during post-natal development; 5, 15, 30, 60, 90 or 150 days after birth. We observed that the expression of the α2 subunit of AP-2 increased substantially between the 15th and 30th day after birth in all areas studied, excepting the cerebellum and cortex. On the other hand, the expression of the α1 subunit does not change significantly during the development in any of the areas under study. We also noted that the expression of the μ2 subunit did not follow the pattern of α2 during development. In general terms, the expression of GGA1 and GGA2 followed a similar pattern to that of AP-2, although these proteins increased significantly in the cerebral cortex from the 15th day after birth. Moreover, presenilin-1, a protein associated with aging and neurodegeneration, shows an expression pattern similar to coat proteins in the striatum and cortex. These results suggest that proteins that conform the intracellular transport machinery in the brain cells seems to accompany development, according to the maturation of the different brain areas.
MeSH Terms
- Adaptor Protein Complex alpha Subunits
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport
- Age Factors
- Aging
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Brain
- Capsid Proteins
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Presenilin-1
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
Quantitative trait loci for BW at 4, 6, 8, 12, and 18 wk of age were detected in an experimental F2 cross of layers divergently selected for primary antibody response to SRBC. A negative phenotypic correlation between levels of antibody titers and BW, was reported earlier within founder lines. The entire experimental population was genotyped with 174 microsatellite markers equally distributed over the genome. Two genetic models were applied in the QTL analysis: a half-sib model and a line-cross model, both using the regression interval method. In the half-sib model, 3 QTL for BW at 4 wk of age on chromosomes GGA2, GGA3, and GGA9 were detected. For BW at 6 wk of age, 3 QTL were detected on GGA2, GGA3, and GGA6. For BW at 8 wk of age, a QTL was detected on GGA7, and for BW at 12 and 18 wk of age, a QTL was detected on GGAZ. With the line-cross analysis model, one QTL on GGA7 for BW at 4 wk of age was detected. Two QTL were detected on GGA3 and GGA7 for BW at 6 wk of age, and one on GGA3 was detected for BW for 8 and 12 wk of age. For BW at 18 wk of age, there were no QTL under the line-cross analysis model. The present data suggest that 1) a different set of genes affects the early and the late growth, and 2) genes selected to humoral immune responsiveness are different from genes underlying growth.
MeSH Terms
- Aging
- Animals
- Antibody Formation
- Body Weight
- Chickens
- Erythrocytes
- Genotype
- Inbreeding
- Microsatellite Repeats
- Phenotype
- Quantitative Trait Loci
- Sheep
Feather pecking (FP) is a major problem in cage and free-range housing systems. In free-range systems, FP is more difficult to control. It is not known why a victim is being pecked. It could be that a bird is genetically predisposed to be pecked. To study the genetics of FP behavior, a large F2 population of 630 hens was generated from a cross between two commercial laying lines differing in their propensity to feather peck. The traits measured at 6 and 30 wk of age were receiving gentle FP, receiving severe FP, and receiving aggressive pecking. In addition, receiving toe pecking (TP) was also measured at 30 wk of age. For receiving gentle FP at 6 wk of age, a significant QTL on GGA1 and three different suggestive QTL were identified on GGA2, GGA6, and GGA7, respectively. For receiving gentle FP at 30 wk of age, a suggestive QTL on GGA5 was detected. For receiving aggressive pecking, a suggestive QTL was detected on GGA3. For receiving TP, three suggestive QTL were detected on GGA1, GGA5, and GGA23, respectively. The different QTL detected for receiving gentle FP at different ages indicate that this trait is regulated by different genes in young and adult hens.
MeSH Terms
- Aggression
- Aging
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal
- Chickens
- Crosses, Genetic
- Feathers
- Female
- Genotype
- Phenotype
- Quantitative Trait Loci