Cryonics

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Todd Huffman's tattoo explaining the initial steps to prepare for cryonic preservation.

Cryonics is a controversial life extension technique that aims to preserve neural activity and life typically of a recently deceased person through use of preservation techniques and low temperatures so that resurrection may be possible in the future when technologies have improved.

Overview

That is not dead that can eternal lie,

and with strange aeons even death may die.

- H.P. Lovecraft

Margaret, Paul, I wish you the very best and it is my most fervent desire that we meet again, hopefully in a time and place where we can laugh and reminisce about the dark ages from which we were so lucky to have made our escape from...
- Mike Darwin

Cryonics is the preservation of dead persons at temperatures low enough to practically stop decomposition, with the intent of future revival. While there is experimental evidence attesting to the conservation of vitrified tissue and the possibilities of repair; the decision to undergo cryonic preservation after death is an act of faith, not of science.

The two main ideas behind cryonics are Information-Theoretic Death and the technology vitrification. The first idea is the idea that our criteria for death has changed as our technology and our understanding of biology has changed. In the 1800s, a person who drowned was considered dead. Information-theoretic death is the 'ultimate' death, the one that we know as fact is irreversible, and does not depend upon a changing understanding of nature. Information theoretic death is reached when the body (Especially the brain) has been damaged to the point that it is beyond repair; where repair means having enough structure and contextual information to bring the brain, along with the personality, memories and attitudes that it contains, back to a functioning state. If tissues have been properly preserved, this revival could be accomplished through a variety of ways, but even the best methods leave behind irreparable damage, which means memory loss and personality changes, and other neurological (Motor control) damage. The latter is sufficiently generic to be repaired when that kind of technology arrives, the former is unique to each person and impossible to recover.

The second idea, vitrification, is a process through which tissue is lowered to cryogenic temperatures without freezing or forming ice. The most widely believed myth about cryonics is that when people are frozen, ice inside their cells bursts and destroys tissue irreparably. This is false on two points: Modern cryonics uses cryoprotectants which prevent ice damage by vitrifying instead of freezing, and the water that forms ice is mostly outside the cells. A common argument against cryoprotectants is that they are toxic: While true, this only affects the prospects of suspended animation through vitrification, since cryonics patients would probably be revived through more complicated means than just thawing them and applying CPR once a cure for what killed them is found.

Scientists' Open Letter on Cryonics

To whom it may concern,

Cryonics is a legitimate science-based endeavor that seeks to preserve human beings, especially the human brain, by the best technology available. Future technologies for resuscitation can be envisioned that involve molecular repair by nanomedicine, highly advanced computation, detailed control of cell growth, and tissue regeneration.

With a view toward these developments, there is a credible possibility that cryonics performed under the best conditions achievable today can preserve sufficient neurological information to permit eventual restoration of a person to full health.

The rights of people who choose cryonics are important, and should be respected.

• Full text and list of signatories

Criticism

Main: Arguments against cryonics

Interestingly (and somewhat to the author’s surprise) there are no published technical articles on cryonics that claim it won’t work.
- Ralph Merkle

Most criticism of cryonics arises from fundamental misconceptions (For example, that cryonics involves freezing) and ignorance of current cryopreservation techniques and procedures.

• Scientific American^{[citation needed]}

Abstract:

The preservation of cells, tissues and organs by cryopreservation is a promising technology nowadays. However, the primary purpose of this science has been diverted to a doubtful technology, cryonics. Cryopreservation techniques are now being adapted with the aim of preserving people’s bodies after death in hope that in the future, medicine will be able to revive them. In this report we analyze both scientific and social issues involved with this technology. We first studied the events taking place in the cells during regular freezing. Various research experiments show that freezing causes damage to the cells. Therefore, vitrification presented by cryonics companies as an alternative, seems to be reasonable. We also looked at all the difficulties of this procedure and at the injuries that such a treatment could cause to the human body. Studies show that the vitrification procedure suppresses the injuries related to freezing but the use of cryoprotectants, although necessary, is toxic to the cells. Organs, such as kidneys, are the largest entities ever vitrified and thawed with success. By analyzing all present scientific data, we conclude that there is a limit to the size of living matter that can be cryonised effectively; therefore we conclude that it is not possible to cryonize an entire human body with the current technology without causing severe damage to it.

• Paper

While definitely great progress from most cryonics 'criticism' to date, the paper seems to address the well-known fact that reanimation from cryopreservation is impossible (Or nearly so) due to the toxicity of cryoprotectant solutions. The most discussed methods of revival, Molecular Nanotechnology and Whole Brain Emulation are not discussed.

Philosophy

Main: Problems with mind uploading

While it's sad that people focus on philosophical issues instead of the myriad technical and social problems that plague cryonics, along with its attachment to a history of failure and incompetence, philosophical concerns should still be addressed.

By far the biggest philosophical concern people put forward against cryonics is the issue of continuity of consciousness. In these debates, people can easily talk past each other by using different definitions of what constitutes consciousness and how this relates to personal identity. In general, we have two definitions of consciousness:

• Real Definition: Consciousness is self-awareness, and thus becomes discontinuous during sleep, unconsciousness, et cetera.
• Alternate Definition: Consciousness is defined as a subset of (Or the totality of) brain activity, and thus a person's consciousness remains continuous during sleep and what is usually called 'unconsciousness', and only stops when brain activity ceases (Medico-legal death, not necessarily Information-theoretic).

But what is relevant is not the definition of consciousness, but how this matters to personal identity. Again, here we have two opinions:

• Definition 1: Personal identity is a person's personality and memories. Consciousness is fundamental to life, of course, but its continuity is not fundamental to personal identity (It uses the Real Definition of consciousness).
• Definition 1: Personal identity is a person's personality, memories, and continuous consciousness (It uses the Alternate Definition of consciousness). When consciousness becomes discontinuous, the identity 'stops' and ceases to exist.

Under Definition 1, cryonics patients will be the same person (± brain damage). Under the second definition, when they are repaired, the patients are fundamentally different people who claim to be the same as the original and only shre personality and memories.

Problems

• Delay and Ischemic Injury
• Lack of Regulation
• Storage Safety
• The Tyranny of the Singularity
• Multi-Century Commitment

Roadmap

Cryoprotectant toxicity

• Non-toxic cryoprotectants
  • Fractures would still be a problem when around T_g.
    • Fractures in some cases will require vascular surgery (Katherine Mills; severed aorta) and in the worst cases organ transplantation & spinal cord replacement/regeneration (Janice Foote, almost severed lung, spinal cord severed in 3).
• The Prometheus Project tried to achieve reversible brain cryopreservation, but this didn't pan out.

Research into Alternatives

• Alternatives to cryonics may produce low-cost solutions for long term storage of patients
• May also increase chances of revival and better preserve the tissues
• Things like plastination may be more easily accepted by the mainstream neuroscience community

Publications

• Cryonics Magazine
• Long Life Magazine (Formerly The Immortalist (Formerly The Outlook)).

Cryonics topics

• Celebrity cryonics
• Cryonics alternatives
• Cryonics glossary
• Cryonics patients
• History of cryonics
• Cryonics in popular culture
• Cryonics organisations
• Cryonics postmortems
• Cryopreservation
• Cryonics revival

People

• Mike Darwin
• Eugene Leitl
• Gregory Fahy
• Jerry Leaf
• Max More
• Robert Ettinger
• Fred and Linda Chamberlain
• Curtis Henderson
• Evan Cooper

See Also

• Life Extension
• Life Extension Society
• Immortalism

Resources

Books

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Links

• Will Cryonics Work? Examining the Probabilities By Steven B. Harris and Mike Perry, 1989
• How likely is cryonics to work? By JeffTK, Less Wrong, 2011
• In defence of cryonics By Joscha Bach, 2015
• CryoEuro Wiki, an excellent collection of documents on Cryonics. Maintained mostly by Eugen Leitl.
• Organ Cryopreservation by Gregory Fahy.

Video

• Life after Death a video by the American Cryonics Society.
• A visit to TT, featuring John Rodriguez.
• Alcor Conferences
  • 2006:
    • Cryonics: Neuropresrvation vs. Whole Body Panel Discussion
    • Ralph Merkle, Ph.D. - Nanotechnology and Cryonics (25 min)
    • Brian Wowk, Ph.D. - The Cryobiological Basis of Cryonics (42 min)
    • Aubrey de Grey, Ph.D. - SENS: A Precursor to Cryonic Revival (36 min)
    • J. Storrs Hall, Ph.D. - Cryonics: A Door into Summer (24 min)
• Cryogenics Pioneer Robert 'Bob' Ettinger Dies, Body Frozen Next to Mother, First and Second Wives
• The Limitless Future (Cryonics history)
• ACS Video Library
  • Life After Death: Nobody Gets Out of Here Alive (Footage of a suspension, interview with Jim Yount).
  • Sally Jessy Raphael interviews Richard Marsh, Margaret Bradshaw, Avi Ben-Abraham (1987)
  • ACS 20th Anniversary Celebration in 1989
  • Faith Daniels Show about Cryonics (1993) (With Jerry White, Fred and Linda Chamberlain, Charles Platt, his wife, and Carlos Mondragon.

Audio

• Mistakes Were Made, This American Life interview with Robert Nelson.

External links

• Cryonics on Wikipedia
• "Why Cryonics Makes Sense" by Tim Urban on Wait But Why
• Effective Altruism & Cryonics on Facebook