Редактирование: Cognition in nonhuman animals

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<ref name="can-animals-think">[http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,30198-2,00.html Can animals think?] by Eugene Linden, <i>Time</i>, 1999-08-29</ref>

== Traits ==

=== Self-recognition ===

==== Mirror test ====

==== Scent test ====

=== Empathy ===

==== Contagious yawning ====

Contagious yawning has been experimentally demonstrated in humans, dogs, chimpanzees, and baboons.

=== Numeracy ===

=== Object permanence ===

== Mammals ==

=== Primates ===



<i>Notable individuals</i>: [[Azy]], [[Fu Manchu]], [[Kanzy]], [[Koko]], [[Ndume]], [[Nim Chimpsky]], [[Nyota]], [[Sandra]], [[Washoe]]

=== Horses ===

Horses have been experimentally demonstrated to be able to anticipate their comfort in the future and use symbol boards to communicate their preferences accordingly.<ref name="horses-symbols-1">Cecilie M. Mejdell, Turid Buvik, Grete H.M. Jørgensen, Knut E. Bøe. (November 2016). "Horses can learn to use symbols to communicate their preferences".  <i>Applied Animal Behaviour Science</i>. <b>184</b>: 66-73. doi:[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2016.07.014]</ref>

=== Dogs ===

Dogs are capable of recognizing their own scent in unfamiliar situations and will spend substantially less time investigating it, a difference that develops with age,<ref name="dogs-scent-1">Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto.  (November 2015).  "Self-consciousness: beyond the looking-glass and what dogs found there".  <i>Ethology Ecology & Evolution</i>.  <b>28</b>: 232-240.  doi:[https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2015.1102777]</ref>  which has been cited as evidence of a capacity for self-recognition.  They also experience contagious yawning with other dogs and humans, with a bias towards familiar humans, indicating some empathic capacity.<ref name="dogs-yawn-1">Romero T, Konno A, Hasegawa T.  (August 2013).  "Familiarity Bias and Physiological Responses in Contagious Yawning by Dogs Support Link to Empathy". <i>PLOS ONE</i> <b>8(8)</b>: e71365. doi:[https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0071365]</ref>

=== Seals ===

<i>Notable individuals</i>:  [[Hoover]]

=== Cetaceans ===

=== Raccoons ===

<ref name="raccoons-1">Pettit, Michael: [https://www.apa.org/monitor/2010/11/raccoon.aspx Raccoon intelligence at the borderlands of science], <i>American Psychological Association Monitor on Psychology</i>, November 2010.</ref>

<i>Notable individuals</i>:  [[Melanie]]

=== Elephants ===

Elephants have observed mourning their own deceased,<ref name="elephants-grief-1">[https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/animal-emotions/200910/grief-in-animals-its-arrogant-think-were-the-only-animals-who-mourn Grief in animals: It's arrogant to think we're the only animals who mourn] by Marc Bekoff Ph.D., <i>Psychology Today</i>, October 29, 2009</ref> as well as humans.<ref name="elephants-grief-2">[https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/animal-emotions/201203/elephants-mourn-loss-elephant-whisperer-lawrence-anthony Elephants Mourn Loss of "Elephant Whisperer" Lawrence Anthony] by Marc Bekoff Ph.D., <i>Psychology Today</i>, March 07, 2012</ref>

When Asian elephants (<i>Elephas maximus</i>) were tested, one individual (a female named [[Happy]]) investigated a mark made on her head using the mirror, and did not investigate a similar mark made with colorless paint.<ref name="elephants-mirror-1">().  "".  <i></i>.  <b></b>.  doi:[]</ref>

<i>Notable individuals</i>: [[Batyr]], [[Happy]]

== Birds ==

Alex the grey parrot and zero

At least one individual, [Alex], was observed practicing words when alone.<ref name="birds-alex-practice">Wise, Steven M. (2002). <i>Drawing the Line</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Perseus Books. p. 93. ISBN 0-7382-0340-8.</ref>

Magpie grieving rituals

New Caledonian crows (<i>Corvus moneduloides</i>) demonstrate simple tool use, and even modifying flexible material (such as leaves and wire) into hooks.<ref name="corvids-tools-1">Alex A. S. Weir, Jackie Chappell, Alex Kacelnik.  (August 2002).  "Shaping of Hooks in New Caledonian Crows".  <i>Science</i>.  <b>297(5583):</b> 981. doi:[https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1073433] [https://www2.cs.arizona.edu/projects/wonac/papers/weir-2.pdf PDF mirror]</ref>  Common ravens (<i>Corvus corax</i>) have been observed anticipating observation by unseen competitors when caching food,<ref name="ravens-visual-access">Thomas Bugnyar, Stephan A. Reber & Cameron Buckner.  (February 2016).  "Ravens attribute visual access to unseen competitors".  <i>Nature Communications</i>.  doi:[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10506]</ref> which has been argued to be evidence of a theory of mind.<ref name="ravens-theory-of-mind">[https://www.newscientist.com/article/2076025-ravens-fear-of-unseen-snoopers-hints-they-have-theory-of-mind/ Ravens' fear of unseen snoopers hints they have theory of mind], Sam Wong, <i>New Scientist</i>, 2016-02-02</ref>

Eurasian magpies (<i>Pica pica</i>) pass the mirror self-recognition test.

Monk Parakeets surviving in Chicago despite climate

<i>Notable individuals</i>:  [[Alex]], [[Cosmo]], [[N'kisi]], [[Sparkie Williams]]

== Fish ==

=== Wrasses ===

Cleaner Wrasses were the first fish to pass the mirror test.  They also appear to have some degree of , and have the unusual distinction of improving other species' cognitive abilities through their parasite removal behavior.<ref name="fish-wrasse-cleaning">[https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/the-fish-that-makes-other-fish-smarter/554924/ The Fish That Makes Other Fish Smarter] by Ed Yong, <i>The Atlantic</i>, March 07, 2018</ref>

=== Rays ===

The Giant oceanic manta ray (<i>Manta birostris</i>) did not engage in social behaviors when presented with a mirror, instead engaging in unusual and repetitive movements that may be self-examination.<ref name="ray-mirror-1">Ari, Csilla & D'Agostino, Dominic. (March 2016). "Contingency checking and self-directed behaviors in giant manta rays: Do elasmobranchs have self-awareness?". <i>Journal of Ethology</i>. <b>34</b>. doi:[https://doi.org/10.1007/s10164-016-0462-z]</ref>  Rays have exceptionally large and well-developed brains for their size, supporting an intelligence reflected across many behavior tests.<ref name="ray₋intelligence-1">[https://oceana.org/blog/manta-ray-brainpower-blows-other-fish-out-water-10 Manta ray brainpower blows other fish out of the water] by Amy McDermott, <i>Oceana</i>, 2017-07-25</ref>

=== Chichlids ===

Daffodil chichlids (<i>Neolamprologus pulcher</i>), when subjected to mirror testing, acclimated to their mirror images but did not appear to investigate marks on themselves.<ref name="chichlid-mirror-1">Takashi Hotta, Shiho Komiyama, Masanori Kohda.  (January 2018).  "A social cichlid fish failed to pass the mark test".  <i>Animal Cognition</i>.  <b>21(1)</b>:127-136.  doi:[https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-017-1146-y]</ref>

== Insects ==

=== Bees ===

Bees are capable of observational learning<ref name="bees-observation">Olli J. Loukola, Clint J. Perry, Louie Coscos, Lars Chittka.  (February 2017).  "Bumblebees show cognitive flexibility by improving on an observed complex behavior".  <i>Science</i>.  <b>355(6327):</b>833-836.  doi:[https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aag2360]</ref>, and can count and recognize quantities up to four.<ref name="counting-insects">Peter Skorupski , HaDi MaBouDi , Hiruni Samadi Galpayage Dona , and Lars Chittka.  (January 2018).  "Counting insects".  <i>Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>.  <b>373(1740)</b>.  doi:[https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0513]</ref>  They are also able to grasp zero as a quantity and order it lower than one in a counting sequence.<ref name="bees-zero">Scarlett R. Howard, Aurore Avarguès-Weber2, Jair E. Garcia1, Andrew D. Greentree, Adrian G. Dyer.  (June 2018).  "Numerical ordering of zero in honey bees".  <i>Science</i>.  <b>360(6393)</b>: 1124-1126.  doi:[https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar4975]</ref>

== External Links ==

* {{Wikipedia|Animal cognition}}

== References ==

[[Category:Bioethics]]
[[Category:Psychology]]
[[Category:Intelligence]]