Cognition in nonhuman animals
Traits[править]
Self-recognition[править]
Mirror test[править]
Scent test[править]
Empathy[править]
Contagious yawning[править]
Contagious yawning has been experimentally demonstrated in humans, dogs, chimpanzees, and baboons.
Numeracy[править]
Object permanence[править]
Mammals[править]
Primates[править]
Notable individuals: Azy, Fu Manchu, Kanzy, Koko, Ndume, Nim Chimpsky, Nyota, Sandra, Washoe
Horses[править]
Horses have been experimentally demonstrated to be able to anticipate their comfort in the future and use symbol boards to communicate their preferences accordingly.[2]
Dogs[править]
Dogs are capable of recognizing their own scent in unfamiliar situations and will spend substantially less time investigating it, a difference that develops with age,[3] which has been cited as evidence of a capacity for self-recognition. They also experience contagious yawning with other dogs and humans, with a bias towards familiar humans, indicating some empathic capacity.[4]
Seals[править]
Notable individuals: Hoover
Cetaceans[править]
Raccoons[править]
Notable individuals: Melanie
Elephants[править]
Elephants have observed mourning their own deceased,[6] as well as humans.[7]
When Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) were tested, one individual (a female named Happy) investigated a mark made on her head using the mirror, and did not investigate a similar mark made with colorless paint.[8]
Notable individuals: Batyr, Happy
Birds[править]
Alex the grey parrot and zero
At least one individual, [Alex], was observed practicing words when alone.[9]
Magpie grieving rituals
New Caledonian crows (Corvus moneduloides) demonstrate simple tool use, and even modifying flexible material (such as leaves and wire) into hooks.[10] Common ravens (Corvus corax) have been observed anticipating observation by unseen competitors when caching food,[11] which has been argued to be evidence of a theory of mind.[12]
Eurasian magpies (Pica pica) pass the mirror self-recognition test.
Monk Parakeets surviving in Chicago despite climate
Notable individuals: Alex, Cosmo, N'kisi, Sparkie Williams
Fish[править]
Wrasses[править]
Cleaner Wrasses were the first fish to pass the mirror test. They also appear to have some degree of , and have the unusual distinction of improving other species' cognitive abilities through their parasite removal behavior.[13]
Rays[править]
The Giant oceanic manta ray (Manta birostris) did not engage in social behaviors when presented with a mirror, instead engaging in unusual and repetitive movements that may be self-examination.[14] Rays have exceptionally large and well-developed brains for their size, supporting an intelligence reflected across many behavior tests.[15]
Chichlids[править]
Daffodil chichlids (Neolamprologus pulcher), when subjected to mirror testing, acclimated to their mirror images but did not appear to investigate marks on themselves.[16]
Insects[править]
Bees[править]
Bees are capable of observational learning[17], and can count and recognize quantities up to four.[18] They are also able to grasp zero as a quantity and order it lower than one in a counting sequence.[19]
External Links[править]
References[править]
- ↑ Can animals think? by Eugene Linden, Time, 1999-08-29
- ↑ Cecilie M. Mejdell, Turid Buvik, Grete H.M. Jørgensen, Knut E. Bøe. (November 2016). "Horses can learn to use symbols to communicate their preferences". Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 184: 66-73. doi:[1]
- ↑ Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto. (November 2015). "Self-consciousness: beyond the looking-glass and what dogs found there". Ethology Ecology & Evolution. 28: 232-240. doi:[2]
- ↑ Romero T, Konno A, Hasegawa T. (August 2013). "Familiarity Bias and Physiological Responses in Contagious Yawning by Dogs Support Link to Empathy". PLOS ONE 8(8): e71365. doi:[3]
- ↑ Pettit, Michael: Raccoon intelligence at the borderlands of science, American Psychological Association Monitor on Psychology, November 2010.
- ↑ Grief in animals: It's arrogant to think we're the only animals who mourn by Marc Bekoff Ph.D., Psychology Today, October 29, 2009
- ↑ Elephants Mourn Loss of "Elephant Whisperer" Lawrence Anthony by Marc Bekoff Ph.D., Psychology Today, March 07, 2012
- ↑ (). "". . . doi:[]
- ↑ Wise, Steven M. (2002). Drawing the Line. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Perseus Books. p. 93. ISBN 0-7382-0340-8.
- ↑ Alex A. S. Weir, Jackie Chappell, Alex Kacelnik. (August 2002). "Shaping of Hooks in New Caledonian Crows". Science. 297(5583): 981. doi:[4] PDF mirror
- ↑ Thomas Bugnyar, Stephan A. Reber & Cameron Buckner. (February 2016). "Ravens attribute visual access to unseen competitors". Nature Communications. doi:[5]
- ↑ Ravens' fear of unseen snoopers hints they have theory of mind, Sam Wong, New Scientist, 2016-02-02
- ↑ The Fish That Makes Other Fish Smarter by Ed Yong, The Atlantic, March 07, 2018
- ↑ Ari, Csilla & D'Agostino, Dominic. (March 2016). "Contingency checking and self-directed behaviors in giant manta rays: Do elasmobranchs have self-awareness?". Journal of Ethology. 34. doi:[6]
- ↑ Manta ray brainpower blows other fish out of the water by Amy McDermott, Oceana, 2017-07-25
- ↑ Takashi Hotta, Shiho Komiyama, Masanori Kohda. (January 2018). "A social cichlid fish failed to pass the mark test". Animal Cognition. 21(1):127-136. doi:[7]
- ↑ Olli J. Loukola, Clint J. Perry, Louie Coscos, Lars Chittka. (February 2017). "Bumblebees show cognitive flexibility by improving on an observed complex behavior". Science. 355(6327):833-836. doi:[8]
- ↑ Peter Skorupski , HaDi MaBouDi , Hiruni Samadi Galpayage Dona , and Lars Chittka. (January 2018). "Counting insects". Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 373(1740). doi:[9]
- ↑ Scarlett R. Howard, Aurore Avarguès-Weber2, Jair E. Garcia1, Andrew D. Greentree, Adrian G. Dyer. (June 2018). "Numerical ordering of zero in honey bees". Science. 360(6393): 1124-1126. doi:[10]