PLD1
Phospholipase D1 (EC 3.1.4.4) (PLD 1) (hPLD1) (Choline phosphatase 1) (Phosphatidylcholine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D1)
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The role of iron in oxidative injury in the nervous system has been extensively described. However, little is known about the role of lipid signal transduction in neurodegeneration processes triggered by iron overload. The purpose of this work was to characterize the regulation and the crosstalk between phosphatidylcholine (PC)-derived diacylglycerol (DAG) and cannonical signaling pathways during iron-induced oxidative stress in cerebral cortex synaptic endings (Syn) obtained from adult (4 months old) and aged (28 months old) rats. DAG production was increased in Syn exposed to iron. This rise in DAG formation was due to phospholipase D1 (PLD1) and PLD2 activations. In adult rats, PKD1, ERK1/2 and PKCα/βII activations were PLD1 and PLD2 dependent. In contrast, in senile rats, DAG formation catalyzed by PLDs did not participate in PKD1, ERK1/2 and PKCα/βII regulations, but it was dependent on ERK and PKC activities. Iron-induced oxidative stress promoted an increased localization of PLD1 in membrane rafts, whereas PLD2 was excluded from these domains and appeared to be involved in glutamate transporter function. Our results show a differential regulation and synaptic function of DAG generated by PLDs during iron-induced oxidative stress as a consequence of aging.
MeSH Terms
- Aging
- Animals
- Cell Membrane
- Diglycerides
- GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins
- Glutamic Acid
- Iron
- Lipid Peroxidation
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- Oxidative Stress
- Phosphatidylcholines
- Phospholipase D
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Kinase C-alpha
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Synaptosomes
- TRPP Cation Channels
Detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) are a class of specialized microdomains that compartmentalize several signal transduction processes. In this work, DRMs were isolated from cerebral cortex synaptic endings (Syn) on the basis of their relative insolubility in cold Triton X-100 (1%). The lipid composition and marker protein content were analyzed in DRMs obtained from adult and aged animals. Both DRM preparations were enriched in Caveolin, Flotillin-1 and c-Src and also presented significantly higher sphingomyelin (SM) and cholesterol content than purified Syn. Total phospholipid-fatty acid composition presented an increase in 16:0 (35%), and a decrease in 20:4n-6 (67%) and 22:6n-3 (68%) content in DRM from adults when compared to entire synaptic endings. A more dramatic decrease was observed in the 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3 content in DRMs from aged animals (80%) with respect to the results found in adults. The coexistence of phosphatidylcholine-specific-phospholipase C (PC-PLC) and phospholipase D (PLD) in Syn was previously reported. The presence of these signaling pathways was also investigated in DRMs isolated from adult and aged rats. Both PC-PLC and PLD pathways generate the lipid messenger diacylglycerol (DAG) by catalyzing PC hydrolysis. PC-PLC and PLD1 localization were increased in the DRM fraction. The increase in DAG generation (60%) in the presence of ethanol, confirmed that PC-PLC was also activated when compartmentalized in DRMs. Conversely, PLD2 was excluded from the DRM fraction. Our results show an age-related differential fatty acid composition and a selective localization of PC-derived signaling in synaptic DRMs obtained from adult and aged rats.
MeSH Terms
- Aging
- Animals
- Cerebral Cortex
- Detergents
- Diglycerides
- Fatty Acids
- Membranes
- Phosphatidylcholines
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Signal Transduction
- Synapses
- Type C Phospholipases
Expression patterns of phospholipase D1 (PLD1) in the developing rat retina were investigated using immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis and compared with the expression patterns of glutamine synthetase. PLD1 immunoreactivity appeared first in a few neuroblasts in the middle of the mantle zone of the primitive retina by embryonic (E) day 13. PLD1-immunoreactive primitive ganglion cells were characterized in the ganglion cell layer by E17. Faint immunoreactivity at E17 profiled radially orientated cells and this pattern appeared up to postnatal (P) day 7. In the ganglion cell layer at P3, displaced amacrine cells and ganglion cells were classified. At P5, presumptive horizontal cells and amacrine cells were identified. By P7, a thin outermost layer of newly formed segments of the photoreceptor cells was also PLD1 immunoreactive. PLD1 immunoreactivity at P8 was limited to radial Müller cells and the outer segment layer of the photoreceptor cells, and the expression pattern was conserved to adulthood. Western blot analysis showed relatively high amounts of PLD1 protein at E17 and P3, a decrease at P7, and moderate amounts from P8 onward. Co-expression of PLD1 with glutamine synthetase in the retina appeared first after birth in differentiating neurons and in Müller cells by P8; thereafter the pattern was maintained. The expression pattern of the PLD1 during development of the retina suggests that PLD1 plays important roles in glutamate-associated differentiation of both specific neurons and radial glial cells, and in glutamate-mediated cellular signalling in Müller cells.
MeSH Terms
- Aging
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Lineage
- Female
- Fetus
- Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase
- Glutamic Acid
- Immunohistochemistry
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins
- Neuroglia
- Neurons
- Phospholipase D
- Pregnancy
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Retina
- Signal Transduction
- Stem Cells