ESD
S-formylglutathione hydrolase (EC 3.1.2.12) (FGH) (Esterase D) (Methylumbelliferyl-acetate deacetylase) (EC 3.1.1.56)
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Adenosine (Ado), a naturally occurring autacoid, exerts cardioprotective effects against myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury, through activation of its receptors type 1 (A1) and 2A (A2A). Since ageing involves a complex change in these effects, we evaluated A1 and A2A gene expression in left (LV) and right ventricle (RV) from 2-, 5-, 12-, and 21-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats. LV end-diastolic (EDD) and end-systolic (ESD) internal dimensions (mm) and LV fractional shortening (FS, %) were measured by M-mode echocardiography. Senescence was associated with a reduction in FS (42 /-1, 38 /-2, 39 /-2 and 35 /-2, in 2-, 5-, 12- and 21-month-old rats; p<0.02) and increases in EDD (7.5 /-0.2, 8.1 /-0.2, 8.5 /-0.2 and 8.8 /-0.2; p<0.001) and ESD (4.2 /-0.1, 4.4 /-0.2, 4.7 /-0.2 and 5.1 /-0.2; p=0.002). Ado A1 mRNA levels were highest in 12 and 21-month-old animals in both ventricles (LV: p<0.001; RV: p=0.001). By contrast, Ado A2A gene expression was lower in the aged LV (p<0.001), but higher in the aged RV (p<0.001). These modifications of Ado receptor gene expression and especially the increase in A1 receptor mRNA may partially explain the stronger antiadrenergic effects of Ado in the senescent heart.
MeSH Terms
- Aging
- Animals
- Echocardiography
- Gene Expression
- Heart Ventricles
- Male
- Myocardium
- RNA, Messenger
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor Cross-Talk
- Receptor, Adenosine A1
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
Ventricular size increases during growth, but often due to cardiac disease. This study aims to describe left ventricular dimension interrelations using a representation that is applicable to patients with cardiac disease, and subsequently to statistically study possible age and gender influences in a large population. In retrospect we analyzed echocardiographically obtained diameters of the left ventricle in 442 dogs of various breeds with congenital or acquired heart disease. Also, we compared our findings with published data on humans and other animals. Multivariate regression analysis was applied to assess possible influences of age and gender. A high correlation was found for end-systolic diameter (ESD) versus end-diastolic diameter (EDD): ESD (cm) = -1.01 cm 0.93 x EDD (cm) with r = 0.94, p < .00001. Next, these patients were categorized into three age groups (divisions at 3 and 7 years). We detected a slight age dependent effect: the regression coefficients for the younger group differed from the two older groups. No significant gender-related influence was detected. The observation of a high correlation for the ESD versus EDD relationship could be confirmed by reanalysis of published data on normal individuals and human patients. The newly described relationship between ESD and EDD applies in particular to cardiac patients. This is a relevant finding, because clinically important indices of ventricular performance generally depend on ESD, EDD or both. Thus, ESD versus EDD offers a convenient framework for studies on cardiac volume regulation and performance in the cardiopathological spectrum, while permitting incorporation of modulating effects related to age.
MeSH Terms
- Age Factors
- Aging
- Algorithms
- Animals
- Cardiac Volume
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated
- Diastole
- Dog Diseases
- Dogs
- Echocardiography
- Female
- Heart Defects, Congenital
- Heart Valve Diseases
- Heart Ventricles
- Humans
- Male
- Multivariate Analysis
- Myocardial Contraction
- Regression Analysis
- Retrospective Studies
- Sex Factors
- Systole
- Ventricular Function, Left
The major objectives of the present study were to detect whether there are any differences in genetic blood markers distribution between the young and old Israeli population. We also investigated the question about the relationship between the genetic heterozygosity (H) and fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of an individual. The study sample consisted of 208 elderly people aged between 75 and 94 years old. Each individual was assessed for the same 18 anthropological traits, 8 of which were paired bilateral structures and 10 were size and mass measurements. Thirteen polymorphic gene markers were also taken from each individual. Most of the studied gene systems showed no inter-group (old sample vs 207 young individuals) differences. Significant differences were detected at ADA, ESD, GTP1 and FY loci. These differences were mainly due for the considerably lower frequency of the heterozygous individuals in elderly samples. Our working hypothesis at the next stage of the analysis were as follows: 1. Morphologically central phenotypes are more symmetric (processes lower FA) than morphologically extreme individuals. 2. There is a detectable negative correlation between the FA and individuals H. To study these questions we developed a multivariate measure of FA and morphological deviation of the individual from the population centroid. Yet, no reliable evidence in support of either of the two hypotheses were obtained.
MeSH Terms
- Adult
- Age Factors
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aging
- Anthropometry
- Female
- Genetic Markers
- Genetics, Population
- Heterozygote
- Humans
- Israel
- Male
- Multivariate Analysis
- Phenotype
A series of patients referred to the University of Western Ontario, London, Dementia Study for investigation of possible dementia underwent computed tomographic scans, psychometric testing (Extended Scale for Dementia [[[ESD]]]), and neurologic examination. Thirty-nine of the 113 patients studied (ischemic score, less than or equal to 4) were found to have leuko-araiosis, which we have defined as patchy or diffuse lucencies in the white matter. Patients with leuko-araiosis had significantly lower mean scores on the ESD, 109.7 /- 61.2, compared with mean scores of 148.5 /- 78.0 in those without. However, only a trend toward lower scores on the ESD was observed when age, sex, education, and infarct were taken into account in the analysis of covariance. Leuko-araiosis was found to be associated with increasing age, hypertension, abnormalities of power in the limbs, and extensor-plantar responses in this sample of patients. In patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) alone, diagnosed clinically, 29 out of 91 demonstrated leuko-araiosis on computed tomography, but scores on the ESD in this group overall were not significantly different when those with and without leuko-araiosis were compared. In less advanced cases, however, a highly significant trend was evident for leuko-araiosis to be associated with increased dementia in AD. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that leuko-araiosis is associated with dementia in AD, and that this is either most marked or most easily identifiable before the dementia becomes very severe.
MeSH Terms
- Aged
- Aging
- Alzheimer Disease
- Brain
- Cognition Disorders
- Dementia
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Myelin Sheath
- Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Environmental sex determination (ESD) is a mechanism in which an individual develops as male or female largely in response to some environmental effect experienced early in life. Its forms range from sex determination by egg incubation temperature in reptiles to sex determination of photoperiod in amphipods. Previous theoretical work as suggested that ESD is favored by natural selection if the fitness consequences of the early environmental experience differ for males and females, so that an individual benefits by being male under some conditions and female under others. A drawback of ESD is that it enables climatic changes to influence the population sex ratio, and such fluctuations select against ESD. This study employed numerical analyses to investigate the balance between these two opposing forces. The negative impact of climatic fluctuations appears to depend greatly on species longevity: substantial between-year fluctuations are of little consequence in selecting against ESD in long-lived species because annual sex ratio fluctuations tend to cancel and thus alter the total population sex ratio only slightly. Thus, if a species is sufficiently long-lived, extreme ESD can be maintained despite only a weak advantage. This result offers one explanation for the failure to demonstrate an advantage for the extreme forms of ESD observed in reptiles.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Climate
- Environment
- Life Expectancy
- Models, Genetic
- Reptiles
- Selection, Genetic
- Sex Determination Analysis
- Sex Ratio