Редактирование: Open Manufacturing

<blockquote>''Open Manufacturing is about bringing free and open source software development methodology and philosophy to the design and construction of the physical world.'' - The [http://openmanufacturing.net/ Open Manufacturing Network]</blockquote>

Why is this h+ related? Because open manufacturing technologies can enable production and development of transhumanist technologies.

= Digital Fabrication =

<blockquote>''We've had an industrial revolution. We've had a digital revolution. Now let's have a digital industrial revolution.'' - [[Neil Gershenfeld]]</blockquote>

Digital fabrication is using computer-controlled machines to turn digital designs into physical objects.

= Manufacturing Technologies =

== 3D Printing ==

== Self-Replication ==

== Molecular Manufacturing ==

[[Molecular Manufacturing]] is the construction of nanoscale or macroscale products with atomic precision, although not necessarily atom by atom. Currently molecular manufacturing is in the realm of some laboratory curiosities, and production of anything larger than a few microns and more complex than the simplest bacterium is decades away. Methods based on [[Scanning Probe Microscope|scanning probes]] can't currently manipulate more than 10-100 atoms in a short timeframe, although [[Molecular Manufacturing#DNA Origami|DNA Origami]] can indirectly shape thousands of atoms into simple 3D structures.

The goal of molecular manufacturing is the construction of a nanofactory: Ideally, a self-replicating machine that is fed a variety of elements in some simple molecules and produces a wide range of [[Molecular Manufacturing#Products|products]] made of multiple materials and machines. There are three paths to this: Biology, scanning probe chemistry and epitaxy. The first is tried and tested, but we don't yet know how to, say, build our own customized ribosomes that build digitally-designed structures. The last two are still in an early stage: Mechanosynthesis is scientifically feasible but is outside of the industry's mainstream and is unlikely to develop soon, epitaxy has more experimental evidence and [[Molecular Manufacturing#Zyvex|Zyvex]] has been working on it under a contract from DARPA.

=== Epitaxy ===

[[Molecular Manufacturing#Patterned Atomic Layer Epitaxy|Patterned Atomic Layer Epitaxy]] (PALE) consists of using a [[Scanning Tunneling Microscope]] on a Hydrogen-terminated Silicon surface to remove individual Hydroge atoms. A variety of cases can be injected into the chamber, where they deposit on the depassivated area of the surface. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silylene Silylene] (SiH<sub>2</sub>), in particular, will deposit and add a new layer to the crystal on the depassivated site.

Vertical growth is simple to achieve, but 3D, moving objects can be built using the same method: Grow a bed of Germanium, then grow the Silicon structures on top, and etch away the Ge to remove the structures and machines.

=== Mechanosynthesis ===

Mechanosynthesis is chemical synthesis done by applying mechanical forces and constraints. Ribosmes and atomic force microscopes both do mechanosynthesis of chemical structures through completely different means. Mechanosynthesis is often synonymous with the atom by atom constructiom of crystals and other dry structures, so biological nanomanufacturing has a section of its own.

In mechanosynthesis, an AFM or some kind of nanomanipulator receives instructions from a computer or a record to mechanically move atoms or molecules from a feedstock to a workspace. Contrary to popular criticism, the nanomanipulator is not some kind of magical claw that can grab and drop atoms at will: It is a positionally-controlled, carefully engineered molecule at the end of a crystalline tip that has to be designed specifically for a small set of chemical operations. Different tooltips and mechanical pressures have to be chosen for different feedstock moieties and workspaces and combinations of those.

= Organizations =

* Open Hardware Initiative: Lobbying Open Source Hardware
* Open Hardware Foundation
* Open Pattern - Embedded Systems Engineering (OSH) - Paris, France
* Make Magazine - promotes DIY and OSH culture
* Adafruit (OSH electronics) - New York USA
* Oomlout (OSH electronics) - Vancouver BC
* Liquidware (OSH electronics) - USA
* Modern Device Company (OSH electronics)- Rhode Island, USA
* Evil Mad Scientist (OSH electronics)- USA
* Traversal Technologies - U.K.
* SparkFun Electronics - Colorado USA (e.g. Lilypad, Arduino pro and PCB design libraries)
* NORTD (OSH + OSS multitouch) - New York USA and Austria EU

* [[Open Source Ecology]]

= Machines =

== Habitat ==

* [http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/CEB_Press CEB Press]
* [http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Cement_Mixer Cement Mixer]
* [http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Sawmill Sawmill]
* [http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Bulldozer Bulldozer]
* [http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Backhoe Backhoe]

=== Undersea ===

== Energy ==

* [http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Electric_Motor_Generator Electric Motor Generator]
* [http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Hydraulic_Motor Hydraulic Motor]
* [http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Heat_Exchanger Heat Exchanger]
* [http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Steam_Engine Steam Engine]

=== Storage ===

* [http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Power_Cube Power Cube]
* [http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Nickel-Iron_Battery Nickel-Iron Battery]

=== Transport ===

* [http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Universal_Power_Supply Universal Power Supply]

=== Solar ===

* [http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Solar_Concentrator Solar Concentrator]

=== Chemical ===

* [http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Gasifier_Burner Gasifier Burner]
* [http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Pelletizer Pelletizer]

=== Wind ===

* [http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Wind_Turbine Wind Turbine]

== Agriculture ==

* [http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Agrokuh Agrokuh], vertical farming
* nitrogen liquefaction for fertilizers
* [http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/LifeTrac Tractor]
* [http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Seeder Seeder]
* [http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Hay_Rake Hay Rake]
* [http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Well-Drilling_Rig Well-Drilling Rig]
* [http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/MicroTrac MicroTrac]
* [http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Soil_Pulverizer Soil Pulverizer]
* [http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Bakery_Oven Bakery Oven]
* [http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Dairy_Milker Dairy Milker]
* [http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Microcombine Microcombine]
* [http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Spader Spader]
* [http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Hay_Cutter Hay cutter]
* [http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Baler Baler]
* [http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Trencher Trencher]

== Transportation ==

* [http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Open_Source_Car OSE Car]
* [http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Open_Source_Truck OSE Truck]

== Materials ==

* [http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Aluminum_Extractor Aluminium Extractor]
* [http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Bioplastic_Extruder Bioplastic Extruder]
* [http://opensourcecnc.blogspot.com/ Jorge Barrera's CNC machine]

== Communications ==

* [http://www.openmoko.com/ Neo freerunner open source smartphone]

== Space ==

=== Transatmospheric Vehicles ===

== Medicine ==

=== Nuclear Imaging===

* Room temperature superconductors would allow for cheap, small MRI machines

=== Medical Equipment ===

=== Sterilization ===

=== Surgical Robots ===

=== Cryonics ===

=== Electroencephalography ===

* [[OpenEEG]]

== Laboratory ==

=== SPM ===

* [http://heybryan.org/instrumentation/instru.html DIY STM's and AFM's]

=== Microfluidics ===

== Weapons ==

* [[Defense Distributed]]

= Economy =

* It is beneficial for producers to offload manufacturing to the consumer
* See the OSE social contract

== Roadmap ==
So, once we solve the [[CAD]] thing, we can complete [[SKDB]]. And after SKDB it's just a matter of a few plugins to make TDA happen :)

= Books =

{| border="0" align="left" style='float:left;width:50%'
|
CivKitBook
|
KSRM
|
FabBook
|
{{Publication
| Title = Roadmap for Additive Fabrication: Identifying the Future of Freeform Processing
| Cover = roadmap additive manufacturing cover.jpg
| Author = 
| Date =
| Description = ''Sixty-five experts from academia, industry, and government attended the Roadmap for Additive Manufacturing (RAM) Workshop in March 2009 in Washington, DC. Its purpose: to develop a roadmap for research in additive manufacturing for the next 10-12 years. The effort was led by David Bourell of the University of Texas at Austin, Ming Leu of Missouri University of Science and Technology, and David Rosen of Georgia Institute of Technology. These three individuals and those attending the workshop created the roadmap. Sponsors were the National Science Foundation and the Office of Naval Research.'' - Wohlers Associates

''An impressive work weighing in at over 100 pages it covers the industry as it exists and identifies potential market and research opportunities for the next 5-10 years.'' - p2p Foundation

* [http://wohlersassociates.com/roadmap2009.pdf Download]
}}
|
{{Publication
| Title = Could 3D Printing Change the World? Technologies, Potential, and Implications of Additive Manufacturing
| Cover = could 3d printing change the world cover.jpg
| Author = Thomas Campbell, Christopher Williams, Olga Ivanova, Banning Garrett, et al Atlantic Council.
| Date = 2011
| Description = 

* [http://www.acus.org/publication/could-3d-printing-change-world Description]
* [http://www.acus.org/files/publication_pdfs/403/101711_ACUS_3DPrinting.PDF Download]
}}
|
{{Publication
| Title = Digital Fabrications: Architectural and Material Techniques
| Cover = Digital Fabrications cover.jpg
| Author = Lisa Iwamoto
| Date = 2011
| Description = "If i had to recommend you one book about the use of digital tools in architecture, it would be this one." - [http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/010558.html Regine Debatty].

* [http://www.amazon.com/Digital-Fabrications-Architectural-Techniques-Architecture/dp/1568987900 Buy]
}}
|}
{| border="0" align="left" style='float:right;width:50%'
|
GingeryBooks
|}

= Resources =

== Links ==

* [http://opensourceecology.org/ Open Source Ecology]
* [http://openmanufacturing.net/ Open Manufacturing Network]
* [http://groups.google.com/group/openmanufacturing?pli=1 Open Manufacturing Group]
* [http://heybryan.org/om.html Interesting threads from Open Manufacturing]
* [http://www.howtomakeeverything.com/CD3WD/INDEX.HTM How to Make Everything]

== Video ==

* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QBwME7Dn5cc Personal Manufacturing and the Gada Prize (1 of 2)]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gep7DyCqBbA Personal Manufacturing and the Gada Prize (2 of 2)]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4ex52LYDe8 DIY Transhuman Tech - Bryan Bishop - Hplus Summit 2010 (part 1 of 2)]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hzUVd0skbc8 DIY Transhuman Tech - Bryan Bishop - Hplus Summit 2010 (part 2 of 2)]
* [http://youtube.com/watch?v=-n39RK4inzg SKDB: Downloading hardware over the web (Hplus Summit 2009) part 1/3]
* [http://youtube.com/watch?v=3S9z6H_EFqQ SKDB: Downloading hardware over the web (Hplus Summit 2009) part 2/3]
* [http://youtube.com/watch?v=Edl6uFn3_g4 SKDB: Downloading hardware over the web (Hplus Summit 2009) part 3/3]

== Audio ==

* [http://www.thefutureandyou.libsyn.com/the-future-and-you-march-16-2011 ''The Future And You'' interview] with [[Bryan Bishop]].

== Software ==

* CAD stuff
* [[SKDB]]

= In Popular Culture =

The [[Molecular Manufacturing#Molecular Assembler|Seed]] in [[Transhumanist Fiction#The Diamond Age|The Diamond Age]] was a distributed-type molecular assembler.

= Glossary =

* '''CAD''': Computer Aided Design.
* '''CNC''': Computing Numerical Control.
* '''Extrude:''' In 3D printing, forcing a thermoplastic liquid to an opening onto a workspace. In general, force out a material, sometimes shaping something by forcing the material through a die.
* '''G-code:''' The code that runs Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines.
* '''Parametric:''' A model whose dimensions depend on adjustable parameters.
* '''Bed:''' The workspace plate in a 3D printer or similar where objects are built.
* '''ABS:''' Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, a thermoplastic used in 3D printing.
* '''RP:''' Rapid prototyping. Creating a prototype of an object in a few hours using a 3D printer.
* '''Stepper:''' A motor that can only move by discrete amounts.
* '''STL:''' (STereo Lithography). A file format that describes 3D objects by their triangulated surface. Often used as a file format for 3D printers.
* '''Vitamin:''' A component of a 3D printer cannot yet be 3D-printed.
* '''Thermoplastic:''' A polymer that is solid below a specific threshold temperature, and malleable above.

= People =

* [[Bryan Bishop]]
* [[Ben Lipkowitz]]
* [[Marcin Jakubowski]]

= See Also =

* [[Open Source Ecology]]
* [[Molecular Manufacturing]]
* [[Self-Replicating Machines]]
* [[RepRap]]

= References =

<references />

[[Category:Manufacturing]]
[[Category:Pages imported from Transhumani requiring cleanup]]
[[Category:Emerging technologies]]