Редактирование: Anarcho-Transhumanism

[[File:ath-flag-hi.png|thumb|right|upright|Anarchotranshumanism is usually represented with a blue and black flag, drawing from the doppler effect on light.<ref>[https://twitter.com/rechelon/status/672170016821809152]</ref>  This is sometimes confused with the flags of individualist anarchism (typically a lighter blue closer to cyan), and anarchafeminism (typically purple)<ref>[https://www.reddit.com/r/vexillology/comments/44jsih/anarcha_feminist_flag/ Anarcha feminist flag]</ref>.

Other symbols used include blue and black stars, a blue rose<ref>[https://www.reddit.com/r/anarchotranshumanist/comments/8haz7y/blue_rose_inspired_by_unildicit_i_just_made_it/ Blue rose inspired by u/nildicit I just made it into a mosaic]</ref>, or technological plays on traditional anarchist symbols (such as a circle-A symbol with gear teeth).]]
'''Anarcho-Transhumanism''' ('''[[H+|@H+]]''') is a philosophy concerned with social and material liberty<ref name="what-is-anarchotranshumanism">[http://humaniterations.net/2012/01/06/what-is-anarcho-transhumanism/ "What is Anarcho-Transhumanism?]</ref> as understood by both [[transhumanism|transhumanist]] views on material conditions and anarchist views on power dynamics in society.

Central to anarchotranshumanism is facilitating the equality of opportunity for all individuals to exercise self-determination.  Conditions that unnecessarily limit either the viable options or the individuals able to exercise them are typically rejected, including arrangements based on equality of endowment or outcome.  This leads to criticism of other groups in both parent philosophies that fail to address or even encourage such conditions.

As many misconceptions about both anarchism and [[Misconceptions about transhumanism|transhumanism]] persist, it is frequently confused with many other viewpoints and movements, such as [[technolibertarianism]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism anarcho-capitalism]<ref>[http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/the-anarchist-faq-editorial-collective-an-anarchist-faq-07-17#toc2 F.1 Are “anarcho”-capitalists really anarchists?]</ref>, [[liberal transhumanism]]<ref>[https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/the-anarchist-faq-editorial-collective-an-anarchist-faq-11-17#toc4 J.1.3 Why are anarchists against reformism?]</ref>, [[social futurism]], or the [[Venus Project]].  

== History and Development ==

Anarcho-Transhumanists identify transhumanist sentiments from historical anarchists, such as Voltairine de Cleyre.<ref>Center for a Stateless Society: [https://c4ss.org/content/45277 An Interview with Voltairine de Cleyre], <i>The Sun</i>, March 04,1894</ref>

=== Relationship to Transhumanism ===

Borrowing from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypto-anarchism crypto-anarchism], anarchist activist [[William Gillis]] and others argue that the disruptive nature of emergent technologies are either incompatible or extremely dangerous with hierarchical structures of today<ref>[https://ieet.org/index.php/IEET2/more/gillis20151029 The incoherence and Unsurvivability of Non-Anarchist Transhumanism]</ref>, including representative or majoritarian democracy.<ref>[https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/r-foxtale-300-million-random-assholes-voting-on-how-you-die 300 Million Random Assholes Voting on How You Die]</ref><ref>[https://c4ss.org/content/44993 Transhumanism Implies Anarchism], William Gillis, Center for a Stateless Society, May 16th 2016</ref>  Failure to challenge physical and social conditions together has been argued to risk [[oligarchic transhumanism]], primitivism, or even extinction.<ref>[https://futuregrind.wordpress.com/2018/03/07/ep-17-william-gillis-on-anarcho-transhumanism/ Future Grind Podcast Ep. 17 – William Gillis on Anarcho-Transhumanism]</ref>

Individual Anarch-Transhumanists may or may not be [[singularitarianism|singularitarians]],<ref>[https://www.reddit.com/r/anarchotranshumanist/comments/86iy23/anarchotranshumanist_views_on_the_technological/ Anarcho-Transhumanist views on the Technological Singularity] on r/Anarchotranshumanist</ref> variously considering an anarchist society and hypothesized singularity events as prerequisites, mutually exclusive,<ref>[http://anarcho-transhumanism.net/the-singularity-and-the-future-human-under-capitalism/ The Singularity and the Future-Human under Capitalism], Wes Strong</ref> or inevitable outcomes of one another.

[[Amon Twyman]] listed Anarcho-Transhumanism among the suggested constitutents of a larger political transhumanist movement, observing that there is little common ground between branches of political transhumanism outside transhumanism itself, and questioning the viability of such a narrow policy platform to direct a present-day government.<ref name="twyman-political-transhumanism">[https://ieet.org/index.php/IEET2/more/twyman20141007 Transhumanism and Politics] by [[Amon Twyman]], [[Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies]], October 07, 2014</ref>

== Individual rights and social values ==

=== Morphological freedom ===

<i>Main article</i>: [[Morphological freedom]]

Morphological freedom, disability rights, and [[functional diversity]] (including [[neurodiversity]]) are widely supported, especially in opposition to [[ableism]] and [[biochauvinism]].  Adding to anarchism's objections to the coercive power structures, transhumanist anarchism argues against their influence on the availability and viability of the means of exercising autonomy over oneself.<ref name="this-machine-kills-ability">[http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/terra-brix-anarchotranshumanism-this-machine-kills-ability Anarchotranshumanism: This Machine Kills Ability], Terra Brix, The Anarchist Library, April 04, 2018</ref>

Racism, misogyny, and transphobia are similarly rejected.

=== Anti-surveillance ===

<i>Main articles</i>: [[Equiveillance]], [[Privacy]]

Active opposition to surveillance and techniques such as [[facial recognition]] and [[biometrics]] are widespread.

Within an established egalitarian society, presumably capable of [[equiveillance]], some scope of [[total history]] may be desirable to facilitate knowledge and decision-making, both individually and collectively.

=== Antispeciesism ===

<i>Main article</i>:  [[Speciesism]]

Citing evidence of [[cognition in nonhuman animals]], they are generally held to deserve protection from suffering.  Support varies for personhood, rights, and capacity to participate in society, depending on species and sometimes degree of [[animal uplift|uplifting]].

=== Opposition to substrate chauvinism ===

Anarchotranshumanist proponents of [[artificial intelligence]] and/or [[mind uploading]] value the continued autonomy of such conscious beings, and advocate against [[biochauvinism]] in anticipation of such issues.

== Relationship with singularitarianism ==
{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IFe9wiDfb0E|500|right|}}

Conversely, [[singularitarianism]] faces mixed support.

Criticism of singularity futurism arises from coercive pressures introduced by goverement and capital interests into the design or implementation of mass mind uploading, such as rent-seeking, or surveillance or ownership claims over the contents of subject minds.  Rhetoric that holds uploading to be 'inevitable' or so superior to biological existence as to outweigh personal objections or lack of consent is particularly objectionable,<ref name="singularity-in-your-pocket">[http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/phoenix-insurgent-is-that-a-singularity-in-your-pocket-or-are-you-just-happy-to-see-me-enslaved Is that a singularity in your pocket or are you just happy to see me enslaved?: Transhumanism’s class problem], Phoenix Insurgent, The Anarchist Library, April 09, 2010.</ref> and a technological singularity may even be considered an [[existential threat]] to anarchotranshumanism, general anarchism, or society as a whole, perceiving it as the conclusion or 'endgame' of hierarchical society and loss of the capacity to meaningfully dissent or change.

Anarchotranshumanist proponents of singularitarianism may believe the widespread adoption of anarchism likely to happen before, or even be a prerequisite to, the development of self-improving AI.

== Economics ==

=== Opposition to Absentee Ownership ===

==== Capitalism ====

Anarcho-Transhumanists advoctate a variety of economic systems, with the common theme of rejecting systems based on absentee ownership of land and the means of production, such as capitalism, state socialism, and authoritarian communism. All Anarcho-Transhumanists are anticapitalist, owing to anarchism's understanding of capitalism as a hierarchial system with capitalists and [[oligarchic transhumanism|landlords as de-facto rulers]].

==== Authoritarian Socialism/Communism ====

Government-mediated socialist and communist systems are similarly rejected, with the government and its agents replicating the role and issues with absentee owners.<ref>An Anarchist FAQ [http://anarchism.pageabode.com/afaq/secHcon.html H.5 What is vanguardism and why do anarchists reject it?]</ref>

==== Intellectual Property ====

With the rejection of proprietarianism comes the abolition of [[intellectual property]].  In addition to the problems cited by other anarchists, Anarcho-Transhumanists see numerous conflicts between intellectual property and an individual's self-determination that arise from emerging technologies.  The presence of software or hardware components that are considered the intellectual property of others in a prosthetic device, in effect, means the partial ownership of one's body by another.<ref>McGowan, K. [https://www.wired.com/2016/02/i-want-to-know-what-code-is-running-inside-my-body/ “I Want to Know What Code Is Running Inside My Body”], Wired, 2016</ref>

=== Proposed alternatives ===
[[File:Anarcho hplus lebanon.jpeg|thumb|Anarcho H+ Graffiti in Lebanon<ref>[https://twitter.com/AnarchoTranshum/status/1198065235577450496?s=09 Anarcho-transhumanist graffiti in Lebanon]</ref>]]

==== Communalism and Libertarian Municipalism ====

Libertarian municipalism and communalism, especially as described in Murray Bookchin's <i>[[Post-Scarcity Anarchism]]</i>, are a common starting point for Anarcho-Transhumanist economics.

==== Libertarian Socialism ====

Libertarian socialism and communism are commonly supported systems, possibly made more viable by a transition to [[post-scarcity]].  This transition could be facilitated by manufacturing techniques enabled by [[3D Printing]] and [[nanotechnology|nanofabrication]].

=== Auxiliary economic systems ===

While [[futarchy]] as originally conceptualized<ref>[http://mason.gmu.edu/~rhanson/ideafutures.html Futarchy: Vote Values, But Bet Beliefs]</ref><ref>[http://mason.gmu.edu/~rhanson/ideafutures.html Idea Futures]</ref> is incompatible with anarchism's rejection of representative governance and elected officials, a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediction_market prediction market] not mediated by elected officials could be considered as a tool of informing decisions.<ref>[http://mason.gmu.edu/~rhanson/ideafutures.html Futarchy: Vote Values, But Bet Beliefs]</ref><ref>[http://mason.gmu.edu/~rhanson/ideafutures.html Idea Futures]</ref>  Trust and [[reputation metrics]] based on public or personal records may also be useful, whether arranged as a market or otherwise.  These systems can be cited as a suppement to a typical market or gift economy, often to bridge the gap between scarce and post-scarce demands.  [[spime|Spimes]] or [[blockchain|blockchains]] may be used to track stakeholdership over goods and infrastructure.

== Criticism ==

=== Consent Issues, Social Contracts, and Antinatalism ===

While not a problem specific to anarchist forms of transhumanism, the emphasis on autonomy and self-determination intersects with the larger issue of consent to various enhancements and interventions, especially at the beginning stages of life and when unconscious or unable to communicate.  

A common response to this is the observation that the initial conditions of one's life are never voluntary and cannot be, as one does not exist beforehand to evaluate and give or withhold consent.<ref name="bostrom-human-genetic-enhancements">[https://nickbostrom.com/ethics/genetic.html Human Genetic Enhancements: A Transhumanist Perspective], Nick Bostrom, <i>Journal of Value Inquiry</i>, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 493-506. (2003)</ref>

This argument is taken further by [[Antinatalism|antinatalists]] considering the creation of new human life, and sometimes other sapient life, to be an act of inherently negative value in <i>any</i> circumstance.  Largely built on philosophical arguments, antinatalists sympathetic to [[Environmentalism#Dark Green|dark green environmentalist]] perspectives may combine the two, as with the [[Voluntary Human Extinction Movement]].

A parallel issue arises in social conditions that see the adoption of certain technologies as so widespread and essential to participate in society as to be unavoidable.

=== Necessity of industry and extractivism ===



=== Conflation with Other Anarchist and Transhumanist Perspectives ===

Many critics of anarchotranshumanism may argue from a position that is not aware of the interaction between anarchism and transhumanism, or the distinction between their subtypes.  Those unfamiliar with either may confuse it with positions even further afield, interpret it through [[Conspiracy theories and transhumanism|conspiracy theories]], and/or regard it as nonsensical.{{cn}}

For example, libertarians and other transhumanists may mistake anarchism's libertarian socialism for more authoritarian [[technoprogressivism]] and argue against planned economies, which are not a feature of anarchotranshumanist thought.  

Others may also incorrectly assume that anarchotranshumanists consider concepts such as [[mind uploading]] to be adequate responses to the problems posed by hierarchies such as capitalism and statism, or that anarchotranshumanists are hostile or indifferent to environmentalist issues.

The presence of other, pro-capitalism [[libertarian transhumanism|libertarian transhumanists]] that mistakenly refer to themselves as anarchotranshumanists is another point of confusion.

== Media ==

General outlines include [http://blueshifted.net/faq/ An Anarchotranshumanist FAQ],  and an ongoing work-in-progress manifesto.  Other websites and blogs include <i>Human Iterations</i>, <i>Queering the Singularity</i>, and <i>Transcendiary</i>.

The zine <i>[[Anarchotranshuman]]</i> collects anarchotranshumanist writing from many authors, as well as republishing relevant papers and manifestos.

William Gillis has made several public appearances as a proponent, including as the guest of [[Future Grind]] episode #17, Non-Serviam Media,<ref name="non-serviam-gillis">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=leW18Q8SnMk William Gillis on Anarchy, Ethics, and Everything Inbetween], Non-Serviam, December 24, 2016</ref> and at the 2015 <i>Future of Politics</i> conference co-sponsored by the [[IEET]].

=== Selected Works ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" 
! Title !! Author !!  Date !! Publication !! Type
|-
| <i>[http://humaniterations.net/2012/01/06/what-is-anarcho-transhumanism/ What is Anarcho-Transhumanism?]</i> || William Gillis || January 06, 2012 || Human Iterations || Article
|-
| <i>[https://ieet.org/index.php/IEET2/more/gillis20151029 The incoherence and Unsurvivability of Non-Anarchist Transhumanism]</i> || William Gillis || 2015 || IEET || Article
|-
| <i>[http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/terra-brix-anarchotranshumanism-this-machine-kills-ability Anarchotranshumanism: This Machine Kills Ability]</i> || Terra Brix || April 04, 2018 || The Anarchist Library || Article
|-
| <i>[https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/r-foxtale-300-million-random-assholes-voting-on-how-you-die 300 Million Random Assholes Voting On How You Die]</i> || R. Foxtale || October 30, 2016 || Anarchotranshuman #3 || Article
|-
| <i>[http://blueshifted.net/faq/ An Anarchotranshumanist FAQ]</i> || Various || N/A || Blueshifted || FAQ
|-
| <i>[http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/n1x-hello-from-the-wired Hello From the Wired - An Introduction to Cyber-Nihilism]</i> || n1x || December 20, 2016 || b0x || Article
|}

=== In popular culture ===

[[File:Catgirl.png|thumb|right|[[Political Ideology Catgirls]]]]
In the [[Revelation space]] series, one of the main factions were the [http://revelationspace.wikia.com/wiki/Demarchists Demarchists] who used a simply neural implant to constantly vote on issues, with voters who made 'good' decisions rewarded with greater influence. This system was called '''Demarchy'''.

In the game series [[Deus Ex]] it is often possible to avoid all collectivist alliances and play entirely independently.

In [[Shadowrun]] lore, there was a period of time where the city of Berlin had transitioned to an anarchist society; where a "Flux State" was formed in the wake of hierarchical governance:

<blockquote>"The Free City of Berlin is the former capital of Germany and one of the most interesting phenomenons to emerge in the post-Awakening world. In the wake of the anarchist revolution of 2039, the city seceded from the German state and created the Flux State. This grand experiment in social order is anarchy in practice, where the power structure constantly evolves and the crafty shadowrunner will always find ways to survive - and even thrive. Corporations tread carefully in the Free City - and even the great dragon Lofwyr only has so much influence here."<ref>[http://shadowrun.gamepedia.com/Berlin Shadowrun: Dragonfall]</ref></blockquote>

The [[Eclipse Phase]] roleplaying game's setting includes an outer solar system widely inhabited by anarchist and social democratic groups.

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Culture The Culture] from the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_series Culture series] is highly decentralised and anarchistic in many of its dealings.

The short-lived web comic [http://politicalideologycatgirls.com Political Ideology] [[Political Ideology Catgirls|Catgirls]] featured an Anarcho-Transhumanist catgirl who hacks into people computers through using cyberhacking to espouse the virtues of [[mind uploading]].<ref>http://politicalideologycatgirls.com/comic/011-transhumanism/</ref>

== Sources ==
* [http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/gillis20151029 The Incoherence and Unsurvivability of Non-Anarchist Transhumanism] 29/10/15
* [http://blueshifted.net/faq/ An Anarcho-Transhumanist FAQ]
* [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1wJrXYBXAmNH9zwyfgg1-yAYN_Cda-26pFCk0u_QhyBc/edit Anarchist-Transhumanist “Manifesto” under development]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Ifl_dHGPSM The case for anarchist transhumanism? - Youtube hangout]

==Blogs and sites ==
* [http://anarchotranshumanism.com/ anarchotranshumanism.com] {{Twitter|anarchotech}}
* [http://laboriacuboniks.net/ laboriacuboniks.net] {{Twitter|Xenofeminism}}
* [http://humaniterations.net/ humaniterations.net] {{Twitter|rechelon}}
* [https://queersingularity.wordpress.com/ queersingularity.wordpress.com]
* [http://blueshifted.net/ blueshifted.net]
* [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1wJrXYBXAmNH9zwyfgg1-yAYN_Cda-26pFCk0u_QhyBc/edit?pli=1 An Anarchist-Transhumanist “Manifesto”] Google Doc

== External links ==
* [http://anarcho-transhumanism.net/ anarcho-transhumanism.net]
* {{reddit|anarchotranshumanist}}
* [https://vk.com/anarcho_transhumanism Анархо-Трансгуманизм] on [[VK]]
{{facebook page|https://www.facebook.com/AnarchoTranshumanism}}

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Transhumanist politics]]
[[Category:Anarcho-Transhumanism]]
[[Category:Futurism]]
[[Category:Blogs]]
[[Category:Liberal transhumanism]]
[[Category:Anarcho-Futurism]]