Редактирование: ACD

Adrenocortical dysplasia protein homolog (POT1 and TIN2-interacting protein) [PIP1] [PTOP] [TINT1] [TPP1]

==Publications==

{{medline-entry
|title=Genetics of cognitive trajectory in Brazilians: 15 years of follow-up from the Bambuí-Epigen Cohort Study of Aging.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31792241
|abstract=Age-related cognitive decline ([[ACD]]) is the gradual process of decreasing of cognitive function over age. Most genetic risk factors for [[ACD]] have been identified in European populations and there are no reports in admixed Latin American individuals. We performed admixture mapping, genome-wide association analysis (GWAS), and fine-mapping to examine genetic factors associated with 15-year cognitive trajectory in 1,407 Brazilian older adults, comprising 14,956 Mini-Mental State Examination measures. Participants were enrolled as part of the Bambuí-Epigen Cohort Study of Aging. Our admixture mapping analysis identified a genomic region (3p24.2) in which increased Native American ancestry was significantly associated with faster [[ACD]]. Fine-mapping of this region identified a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs142380904 (β = -0.044, SE = 0.01, p = 7.5 × 10 ) associated with [[ACD]]. In addition, our GWAS identified 24 associated SNPs, most in genes previously reported to influence cognitive function. The top six associated SNPs accounted for 18.5% of the [[ACD]] variance in our data. Furthermore, our longitudinal study replicated previous GWAS hits for cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease. Our 15-year longitudinal study identified both ancestry-specific and cosmopolitan genetic variants associated with [[ACD]] in Brazilians, highlighting the need for more trans-ancestry genomic studies, especially in underrepresented ethnic groups.
|mesh-terms=* Age Factors
* Aged
* Aging
* Brazil
* Cognition
* Cognitive Dysfunction
* Cohort Studies
* Female
* Follow-Up Studies
* Genetic Predisposition to Disease
* Genome-Wide Association Study
* Humans
* Male
* Middle Aged
* Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide

|full-text-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6889148
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Changes in Ocular Parameters and Intraocular Lens Powers in Aging Cycloplegic Eyes.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27702623
|abstract=Age-related changes in lens elasticity and ciliary muscle contractility can affect how ocular parameters respond to cycloplegia, and therefore intraocular lens (IOL) power measurements calculated by formulas using anterior chamber depth ([[ACD]]), lens thickness (LT), or white-to-white (WtW) for effective lens position prediction can vary. In response, using swept-source optical biometry in prepresbyopic and presbyopic eyes, we investigated changes in ocular parameters and IOL power calculations attributable to cycloplegia. Cross-sectional study. In 38 prepresbyopic and 42 presbyopic eyes, we measured pupil diameter, radius of corneal curvature values, central corneal thickness, WtW, [[ACD]], LT, and axial length both before and after cycloplegia. We determined IOL power calculations with the Sanders-Retzlaff-Kraff/theoretical, Holladay 2, and Haigis formulas. To pinpoint the effect of cycloplegia, we recorded refractive predictions in pre- and postdilation conditions according to the same IOL power calculations, even if postdilation IOL power calculations had changed. With cycloplegia, pupil diameter changed significantly more in presbyopic eyes (P < .001). Central corneal thickness decreased in prepresbyopic eyes (P = .048), whereas WtW increased in presbyopic eyes (P = .02). In both groups, [[ACD]] and LT changed significantly (P < .001). IOL power calculations according to the Holladay 2 formula differed in prepresbyopic eyes (P = .042), and refractive predictions with the Holladay 2 and Haigis formulas differed significantly in prepresbyopic eyes (P = .043 and P = .022, respectively). Surgeons should consider the effect of cycloplegia on refractive prediction errors and IOL power calculations determined with Haigis and Holladay 2 formulas, especially in prepresbyopic ages.
|mesh-terms=* Adult
* Aging
* Axial Length, Eye
* Biometry
* Cross-Sectional Studies
* Female
* Humans
* Lenses, Intraocular
* Male
* Middle Aged
* Mydriatics
* Optics and Photonics
* Presbyopia
* ROC Curve
* Refraction, Ocular
* Young Adult

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1016/j.ajo.2016.09.032
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Biometry and visual function of a healthy cohort in Leipzig, Germany.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27268271
|abstract=Cross-sectional survey of ocular biometry and visual function in healthy eyes across the life span of a German population aged 20 to 69 years (n = 218). Subject number in percent per age category reflected the percentage within the respective age band of the population of Leipzig, Germany. Measurements obtained: subjective and objective refraction, best-corrected visual acuity, accommodation, contrast sensitivity, topography and pachymetry with Scheimpflug camera, axial length with non-contact partial coherence interferometry, and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography of the retina. Pearson correlation coefficients with corresponding p-values were given to present interrelationships between stature, biometric and refractive parameters or their associations with age. Two-sample T-tests were used to calculate gender differences. The area under the logarithmic contrast sensitivity function (AULCSF) was calculated for the analysis of contrast sensitivity as a single figure across a range of spatial frequencies. The results of axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth ([[ACD]]) and anterior chamber volume (ACV) differed as a function of the age of the participants (rho (p value): AL -0.19 (0.006), [[ACD]] -0.56 (< 0.001), ACV-0.52 (< 0.001)). Longer eyes had deeper [[ACD]] (AL:[[ACD]] 0.62 (< 0.001), greater ACV (AL:ACV 0.65 (< 0.001) and steeper corneal radii (AL:R1ant; R2ant; R1post; R2post 0.40; 0.35; 0.36; 0.36 (all with (< 0.001)). Spherical equivalent was associated with age (towards hyperopia: 0.34 (< 0.001)), AL (-0.66 (< 0.001)), [[ACD]] (-0.52 (< 0.001)) and ACV (-0.46 (< 0.001)). Accommodation was found lower for older subjects (negative association with age, r = -0.82 (< 0.001)) and contrast sensitivity presented with smaller values for older ages (AULCSF -0.38, (< 0.001)), no change of retinal thickness with age. 58 % of the study cohort presented with a change of refractive correction above ±0.50 D in one or both eyes (64 % of these were habitual spectacle wearers), need for improvement was present in the young age-group and for older subjects with increasing age. Biometrical data of healthy German eyes, stratified by age, gender and refractive status, enabled cross-comparison of all parameters, providing an important reference database for future patient-based research and specific in-depth investigations of biometric data in epidemiological research. ClinicalTrials.gov # NCT01173614 July 28, 2010.
|mesh-terms=* Accommodation, Ocular
* Adult
* Aged
* Aging
* Anterior Chamber
* Axial Length, Eye
* Biometry
* Contrast Sensitivity
* Corneal Topography
* Cross-Sectional Studies
* Female
* Germany
* Humans
* Lens, Crystalline
* Male
* Middle Aged
* Ocular Physiological Phenomena
* Refraction, Ocular
* Visual Acuity
* Young Adult
|keywords=* Cross section
* Dioptric distance
* Gullstrand
* Ocular biometry
* Visual function
|full-text-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4895813
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Valosin-containing protein is a key mediator between autophagic cell death and apoptosis in adult hippocampal neural stem cells following insulin withdrawal.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27000202
|abstract=Programmed cell death (PCD) plays essential roles in the regulation of survival and function of neural stem cells (NSCs). Abnormal regulation of this process is associated with developmental and degenerative neuronal disorders. However, the mechanisms underlying the PCD of NSCs remain largely unknown. Understanding the mechanisms of PCD in NSCs is crucial for exploring therapeutic strategies for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. We have previously reported that adult rat hippocampal neural stem (HCN) cells undergo autophagic cell death ([[ACD]]) following insulin withdrawal without apoptotic signs despite their normal apoptotic capabilities. It is unknown how interconnection between [[ACD]] and apoptosis is mediated in HCN cells. Valosin-containing protein ([[VCP]]) is known to be essential for autophagosome maturation in mammalian cells. [[VCP]] is abundantly expressed in HCN cells compared to hippocampal tissue and neurons. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of [[VCP]] at basal state in the presence of insulin modestly impaired autophagic flux, consistent with its known role in autophagosome maturation. Of note, [[VCP]] inaction in insulin-deprived HCN cells significantly decreased [[ACD]] and down-regulated autophagy initiation signals with robust induction of apoptosis. Overall autophagy level was also substantially reduced, suggesting the novel roles of [[VCP]] at initial step of autophagy. Taken together, these data demonstrate that [[VCP]] may play an essential role in the initiation of autophagy and mediation of crosstalk between [[ACD]] and apoptosis in HCN cells when autophagy level is high upon insulin withdrawal. This is the first report on the role of [[VCP]] in regulation of NSC cell death. Elucidating the mechanism by which [[VCP]] regulates the crosstalk of [[ACD]] and apoptosis will contribute to understanding the molecular mechanism of PCD in NSCs.
|mesh-terms=* Adenosine Triphosphatases
* Aging
* Animals
* Apoptosis
* Autophagy
* Cell Cycle Proteins
* Female
* Hippocampus
* Insulin
* Models, Biological
* Neural Stem Cells
* Rats
* Signal Transduction
* Valosin Containing Protein
|keywords=* Adult neural stem cells
* Apoptosis
* Autophagic cell death
* Insulin withdrawal
* Valosin-containing protein
|full-text-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4802725
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Long-term effect of orthokeratology on the anterior segment length.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26905786
|abstract=To compare the effects of normal growth and longer term use of orthokeratology (ortho-k) on ocular biometric parameters in the anterior segment, including central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth ([[ACD]]), crystalline lens thickness (CLT), and anterior segment length ([[ASL]]). Baseline and six monthly data were retrieved from 78 subjects (aged 7-10 years, with myopia≤4.00D and astigmatism≤1.25D) who had completed a two-year randomized clinical trial using ortho-k for myopia control. They were randomly assigned to wear ortho-k lenses or single-vision spectacles (control). Anterior segment parameters were measured with the Pentacam after cycloplegia. No significant changes in CLT and [[ASL]] over time were observed in either group of subjects (37 ortho-k; 38 control). In the control group, CCT remained unchanged during the study period but in the ortho-k group, it was significantly reduced by an average of 0.009mm by the 6-month visit (p<0.001) and remained unchanged thereafter. No significant changes in [[ACD]] was found in the ortho-k group but it was significantly increased by an average of 0.04mm (p=0.001) in the control group. CLT nor [[ASL]] did not change over time in either control or ortho-k subjects. Although [[ACD]] significantly increased in the control subjects and CCT significantly reduced in the first six months of ortho-k lens wear, these changes were small and did not affect the overall [[ASL]].
|mesh-terms=* Aging
* Anterior Eye Segment
* Child
* Female
* Humans
* Longitudinal Studies
* Male
* Myopia
* Orthokeratologic Procedures
* Treatment Outcome
|keywords=* Anterior chamber depth
* Anterior segment length
* Myopia control
* Orthokeratology
|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1016/j.clae.2016.02.003
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Relationship between age, corneal astigmatism, and ocular dimensions with reference to astigmatism in eyes undergoing routine cataract surgery.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26795412
|abstract=To assess the relationship between age, corneal astigmatism, and ocular dimensions with reference to astigmatism correction during cataract surgery. In this cross-sectional study of right eyes of 2247 consecutive patients attending cataract surgery preassessment, data on patient demographics, axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth ([[ACD]]), and keratometric astigmatism were collected. Astigmatism was further analyzed as against-the-rule ([[ATR]]: steepest meridian 180±30°), with-the-rule (WTR: 90±30°), and oblique (OB: 30-60°or 120-150°). Mean age, AL, and [[ACD]] were 72.28±13.84 years, 23.99±1.85 mm and 3.08 ±0.52 mm, respectively. In all, 20.4% eyes had ≤0.50 diopters (D), 55.2% had 0.51-1.50 D, 7.9% had 2.01-3.00 D, and 3.7% eyes had >3.00 D of astigmatism. Overall, 44.2% of eyes had corneal astigmatism >1.00 D. Average astigmatism in age ranges 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, 70-79, 80-89, and 90  years were 0.82, 1.04, 1.04, 1.02, 1.15 and 2.01 D, respectively. The magnitude of preoperative astigmatism positively correlated with age (P<0.0001), with increasing and decreasing prevalence of [[ATR]] and WTR astigmatism, respectively, with advancing age. The magnitude of [[ATR]] astigmatism inversely correlates to AL (P<0.0001). [[ATR]] astigmatism is more prevalent with increasing magnitude of astigmatism (P<0.0001). A majority of patients for cataract surgery have astigmatism between 0.51 and 1.5 D. [[ATR]] astigmatism increases, whereas WTR decreases with age. [[ATR]] astigmatism inversely correlates to AL. With increasing age, the magnitude of astigmatism increases and [[ATR]] astigmatism becomes increasingly prevalent. The likelihood of a patient requiring astigmatic correction increases with age.
|mesh-terms=* Adolescent
* Adult
* Aged
* Aged, 80 and over
* Aging
* Anterior Chamber
* Astigmatism
* Axial Length, Eye
* Biometry
* Child
* Cornea
* Cross-Sectional Studies
* Female
* Humans
* Lens Implantation, Intraocular
* Male
* Middle Aged
* Phacoemulsification
* Retrospective Studies

|full-text-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5108535
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Iron Status and Inflammation in Early Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26160488
|abstract=One of the most common causes of anemia of chronic disease ([[ACD]]) is chronic kidney disease. The main pathomechanism responsible for [[ACD]] is subclinical inflammation. The key element involved in iron metabolism is hepcidin, however, studies on new indices of iron status are in progress.The aim of the study was to assess the iron status in patients in early stages of chronic kidney disease, iron correlation with inflammation parameters and novel biomarkers of iron metabolism. The study included 69 patients. Standard laboratory measurements were used to measure the iron status, complete blood count, fibrinogen, prothrombin index, C-reactive protein concentration ([[CRP]]), creatinine, urea, uric acid. Commercially available kits were used to measure high-sensitivity [[CRP]], interleukin 6 (IL-6), hepcidin-25, hemojuvelin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) and zonulin. Absolute iron deficiency was present in 17% of the patients, functional iron deficiency was present in 12% of the patients. Functional iron deficiency was associated with significantly higher serum levels of fibrinogen, ferritin, transferrin saturation, total iron binding capacity, hepcidin and older age relative to patients with absolute iron deficiency. In comparison with patients without iron deficiency, patients with functional iron deficiency were older, with lower prothrombin index, higher fibrinogen, [[CRP]], hs[[CRP]], sTfR, GDF-15, urea and lower eGFR. Hepcidin was predicted by markers of inflammation:ferritin, fibrinogen and IL-6. Inflammation is correlated with iron status. Novel biomarkers of iron metabolism might be useful to distinguish iron deficiency anemia connected with inflammation and absolute iron deficiency.
|mesh-terms=* Aged
* Aged, 80 and over
* Aging
* Biomarkers
* Blood Cell Count
* Female
* Humans
* Inflammation
* Iron
* Kidney Transplantation
* Male
* Middle Aged
* Nonheme Iron Proteins
* Nutritional Status
* Renal Insufficiency, Chronic

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1159/000368512
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Regulation of autophagic cell death by glycogen synthase kinase-3β in adult hippocampal neural stem cells following insulin withdrawal.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25986948
|abstract=Neural stem cells (NSCs) hold great potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. However, programmed cell death (PCD) provoked by the harsh conditions evident in the diseased brain greatly undermines the potential of NSCs. Currently, the mechanisms of PCD that effect NSCs remain largely unknown. We have previously reported that hippocampal neural stem (HCN) cells derived from the adult rat brain undergo autopahgic cell death ([[ACD]]) following insulin withdrawal without hallmarks of apoptosis despite their normal apoptotic capabilities. In this study, we demonstrate that glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) induces [[ACD]] in insulin-deprived HCN cells. Both pharmacological and genetic inactivation of GSK-3β significantly decreased [[ACD]], while activation of GSK-3β increased autophagic flux and caused more cell death without inducing apoptosis following insulin withdrawal. In contrast, knockdown of GSK-3α barely affected [[ACD]], lending further support to the critical role of GSK-3β. Collectively, these data demonstrate that GSK-3β is a key regulator of [[ACD]] in HCN cells following insulin withdrawal. The absence of apoptotic indices in GSK-3β-induced cell death in insulin-deprived HCN cells corroborates the notion that HCN cell death following insulin withdrawal represents the genuine model of [[ACD]] in apoptosis-intact mammalian cells and identifies GSK-3β as a key negative effector of NSC survival downstream of insulin signaling.
|mesh-terms=* Aging
* Animals
* Apoptosis
* Autophagy
* Caspase Inhibitors
* Enzyme Activation
* Gene Knockdown Techniques
* Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3
* Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta
* Hippocampus
* Insulin
* Neural Stem Cells
* Neuroprotection
* Protein Kinase Inhibitors
* Rats
* Up-Regulation

|full-text-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4436742
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Analysis of age, refractive error and gender related changes of the cornea and the anterior segment of the eye with Scheimpflug imaging.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25910463
|abstract=To assess age, refractive error and gender related changes occurring in the cornea and the anterior segment of the eye using a Scheimpflug system. The study included 666 healthy eyed subjects with a mean age of 39.3±19.7 years (range: 3-85 years). All analyses were based on the right eyes of the patients as all measured parameters correlated well between the right and left eyes. Each parameter was correlated with age and the right eye's spherical equivalent (SE) using Pearson correlations. Univariate linear regression models were constructed for analyses of parameters. The anterior corneal surface asphericity showed significant positive correlations whereas posterior corneal surface asphericity showed significant negative correlations with age. Anterior chamber depth ([[ACD]]), volume (ACV) and angle (ACA) showed significant negative correlations with age and SE. Age explained 25% of the variance in anterior corneal surface asphericity, 22% of variance in posterior corneal surface asphericity, 26% of variance in ACV, 27% of variance in [[ACD]], and 19% of variance in ACA. In the SE model SE was identified to account for 25% of variance in ACV, 22% of variance in [[ACD]], each, and 17% of variance in ACA. Significant differences were detected in anterior and posterior keratometry values, ACV, [[ACD]] and ACA among gender groups (p<0.01). The cornea shows a tendency for a decrease in anterior corneal surface asphericity and an increase in posterior corneal surface asphericity with advancing age. Men have flatter corneas and women have shallower anterior chambers and narrower anterior chamber angles.
|mesh-terms=* Adolescent
* Adult
* Aged
* Aged, 80 and over
* Aging
* Anterior Eye Segment
* Child
* Child, Preschool
* Cornea
* Corneal Pachymetry
* Female
* Humans
* Male
* Middle Aged
* Refraction, Ocular
* Refractive Errors
* Reproducibility of Results
* Sensitivity and Specificity
* Sex Characteristics
* Young Adult
|keywords=* Aging
* Anterior chamber
* Cornea
* Gender
* Pentacam
* Refraction
|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1016/j.clae.2015.03.009
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Interplay between autophagy and programmed cell death in mammalian neural stem cells.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23977985
|abstract=Mammalian neural stem cells (NSCs) are of particular interest because of their role in brain development and function. Recent findings suggest the intimate involvement of programmed cell death (PCD) in the turnover of NSCs. However, the underlying mechanisms of PCD are largely unknown. Although apoptosis is the best-defined form of PCD, accumulating evidence has revealed a wide spectrum of PCD encompassing apoptosis, autophagic cell death ([[ACD]]) and necrosis. This mini-review aims to illustrate a unique regulation of PCD in NSCs. The results of our recent studies on autophagic death of adult hippocampal neural stem (HCN) cells are also discussed. HCN cell death following insulin withdrawal clearly provides a reliable model that can be used to analyze the molecular mechanisms of [[ACD]] in the larger context of PCD. More research efforts are needed to increase our understanding of the molecular basis of NSC turnover under degenerating conditions, such as aging, stress and neurological diseases. Efforts aimed at protecting and harnessing endogenous NSCs will offer novel opportunities for the development of new therapeutic strategies for neuropathologies.
|mesh-terms=* Aging
* Animals
* Apoptosis
* Autophagy
* Hippocampus
* Humans
* Insulin
* Necrosis
* Neural Stem Cells
* Neurodegenerative Diseases
* Neurogenesis

|full-text-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4133905
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Comparison of the new biometer OA-1000 with IOLMaster and Tomey AL-3000.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23841799
|abstract=The OA-1000 (Tomey, Japan) is a new optical biometer, which allows measurements of axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth ([[ACD]]) and corneal thickness (CT) due to partial coherence interferometry (PCI) technology. The aim of this study was to compare the OA-1000 results with those obtained with the IOLMaster and contact applanation A-scan ultrasonography. We examined 133 eyes of 75 patients with age related cataract. Mean age was 72.0 ± 9.5 years. Biometry measurements of AL and [[ACD]] were performed with the Tomey OA-1000 based on PCI, the IOLMaster based on PCI (AL) and slit projection ([[ACD]]), and the Tomey AL-3000 based on contact applanation A-scan ultrasonography. Mean AL using the IOLMaster was 23.21 ± 1.08 mm, using the AL-3000 was 22.79 ± 1.04 mm, using the OA-1000 it was 22.97 ± 1.1 mm. Mean [[ACD]] using the IOLMaster was 2.99 ± 0.41 mm, using the OA-1000 3.40 ± 0.46 mm, using the Tomey AL-3000 it was 2.93 ± 0.43 mm. Mean difference between the AL and [[ACD]] measured with the OA-1000 and the IOLMaster was 0.22 ± 0.047 mm and 0.40 ± 0.33 mm, between OA-1000 and the AL-3000 it was 0.19 ± 0.23 mm and 0.47 ± 0.33 mm, and between IOLMaster and AL-3000 it was 0.42 ± 0.23 and 0.09 ± 0.36 mm. For AL the correlation coefficient R between IOLMaster and OA-1000 was 0.999, between IOLMaster and AL-3000 it was 0.976, between AL-3000 and OA-1000 it was 0.977. For [[ACD]] R between IOLMaster and OA-1000 was 0.735, between IOLMaster and AL-3000 it was 0.822, between AL-3000 and OA-1000 it was 0.716 (all p < 0.001). Compared with other used clinical instruments the OA-1000 generates accurate results. Although differences were found, the OA-1000 provided results that correlated well with the values of IOLMaster and AL-3000.
|mesh-terms=* Aged
* Aged, 80 and over
* Aging
* Anterior Chamber
* Axial Length, Eye
* Biometry
* Cataract
* Cornea
* Female
* Humans
* Interferometry
* Male
* Middle Aged
* Reproducibility of Results
* Ultrasonography

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.3109/02713683.2013.788722
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Correlation between lens thickness and central anterior chamber depth.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22993056
|abstract=To investigate gender differences in lens thickness (LT) and central anterior chamber depth ([[ACD]]) in normal subjects, and to assess age associated changes in these measures. The anterior chamber depth ([[ACD]]), and lens thickness (LT), of 150 normal subjects (150 eyes) was measured by anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS- OCT). Gender differences were assessed by independent t-test, and correlation analysis was used to examine the effect of age. The mean values of [[ACD]] and LT were 0.69±0.32 mm and 4.85±0.43 mm, respectively. Women had a significantly lower Mean [[ACD]] as compared to men (2.56±0.33mm vs 2.85±0.29 mm; P﹤0.05). No statistically significant difference was found in LT between male and female subjects (P＞0.05). Correlation analysis findings suggest that LT increases with age (r =0.83, P﹤0.05), and that [[ACD]] decreases with age (r=- 0.57, P﹤0.05). After controlling for LT, no significant correlation was observed between age and [[ACD]] (P＞0.05). The [[ACD]] of female subjects was, on average, shallower than that of their male counterparts. Aging was associated with increasing LT, and the observed narrowing of [[ACD]] with age, might be partially mediated by the increasing LT.
|mesh-terms=* Adult
* Aging
* Anterior Chamber
* Female
* Humans
* Lens, Crystalline
* Male
* Organ Size
* Sex Factors
* Tomography, Optical Coherence

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.3969/j.issn.1000-4432.2012.03.003
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Determinants and two-year change in anterior chamber angle width in a Chinese population.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22968144
|abstract=To study the population distribution and longitudinal changes in anterior chamber angle width and its determinants among Chinese adults. Prospective cohort, population-based study. Persons aged 35 years or more residing in Guangzhou, China, who had not previously undergone incisional or laser eye surgery. In December 2008 and December 2010, all subjects underwent automated keratometry, and a random 50% sample had anterior segment optical coherence tomography with measurement of angle-opening distance at 500 μm (AOD500), angle recess area (ARA), iris thickness at 750 μm (IT750), iris curvature, pupil diameter, corneal thickness, anterior chamber width (ACW), lens vault (LV), and lens thickness (LT) and measurement of axial length (AL) and anterior chamber depth ([[ACD]]) by partial coherence laser interferometry. Baseline and 2-year change in AOD500 and ARA in the right eye. A total of 745 subjects were present for full biometric testing in both 2008 and 2010 (mean age at baseline, 52.2 years; standard deviation [SD], 11.5 years; 53.7% were female). Test completion rates in 2010 varied from 77.3% (AOD500: 576/745) to 100% (AL). Mean AOD500 decreased from 0.25 mm (SD, 0.13 mm) in 2008 to 0.21 mm (SD, 13 mm) in 2010 (difference, -0.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.05 to -0.03). The ARA decreased from 21.5 ± 3.73 10(-2) mm(2) to 21.0 ± 3.64 10(-2) mm(2) (difference, -0.46; 95% CI, -0.52 to -0.41). The decrease in both was most pronounced among younger subjects and those with baseline AOD500 in the widest quartile at baseline. The following baseline variables were significantly associated with a greater 2-year decrease in both AOD500 and ARA: deeper [[ACD]], steeper iris curvature, smaller LV, greater ARA, and greater AOD500. By using simple regression models, we could explain 52% to 58% and 93% of variation in baseline AOD500 and ARA, respectively, but only 27% and 16% of variation in 2-year change in AOD500 and ARA, respectively. Younger persons and those with the least crowded anterior chambers at baseline have the largest 2-year decreases in AOD500 and ARA. The ability to predict change in angle width based on demographic and biometric factors is relatively poor, which may have implications for screening. The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
|mesh-terms=* Adult
* Aged
* Aging
* Anterior Chamber
* Asian Continental Ancestry Group
* Axial Length, Eye
* Biometry
* China
* Cohort Studies
* Cornea
* Female
* Follow-Up Studies
* Glaucoma, Angle-Closure
* Humans
* Interferometry
* Iris
* Lens, Crystalline
* Male
* Middle Aged
* Organ Size
* Prospective Studies
* Pupil
* Risk Factors
* Time Factors
* Tomography, Optical Coherence

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.06.051
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Reproducibility and age-related changes of ocular parametric measurements in rabbits.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22901963
|abstract=The rabbit is a common animal model for ophthalmic research, especially corneal research. Ocular structures grow rapidly during the early stages of life. It is unclear when the rabbit cornea becomes mature and stabilized. We investigated the changes of keratometry, refractive state and central corneal thickness (CCT) with age. In addition, we studied the intra- and inter-observer reproducibility of anterior chamber depth ([[ACD]]) and anterior chamber width (ACW) measurements in rabbits using anterior segment-optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). The growth of New Zealand White rabbits (n = 16) were monitored from age 1 to 12 months old. Corneal keratometric and refractive values were obtained using an autorefractor/keratometer, and CCT was measured using an AS-OCT. Keratometry and CCT changed rapidly from 1 to 7 months and appeared to be stabilizing after 8 months. The reduction of corneal curvature was approximately 1.36 diopter (D)/month from age 1 to 7 months, but the change decelerated to 0.30 D/month from age 8 to 12 months. An increase of 10 μm/month in CCT was observed from age 1 to 7 months, but the gain was reduced to less than 1 μm/month from age 8 to 12 months. There was a hyperopic shift over the span of 12 months, albeit the increase in spherical equivalent was slow and gradual. Rabbits of random age were then selected for 2 repeated [[ACD]] and ACW measurements by 2 independent and masked observers. Bland-Altman plots revealed a good agreement of [[ACD]] and ACW measurements inter- and intra-observer and the ranges of 95% limit of agreement were acceptable from a clinical perspective. Corneal keratometry, spherical equivalent refraction and CCT changed significantly during the first few months of life of rabbits. Young rabbits have been used in a large number of eye research studies. In certain settings, the ocular parametric changes are an important aspect to note as they may alter the findings made in a rabbit experimental model. In this study, we have also demonstrated for the first time a good between observer reproducibility of measurements of ocular parameters in an animal model by using an AS-OCT.
|mesh-terms=* Aging
* Animals
* Corneal Pachymetry
* Eye
* Female
* Male
* Rabbits
* Refraction, Ocular

|full-text-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3514359
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=A pilot study on the corneal curvatures and ocular dimensions of horses less than one year of age.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22784229
|abstract=Intraocular lenses (IOLs) have been implanted in adult equine eyes after cataract surgery. Foals and weanlings comprise a large proportion of those horses undergoing cataract surgery. Due to potential differences in the size and corneal curvature of the juvenile eye, it is not currently known whether implantation of adult IOLs is appropriate in foals and weanlings. The objective of the study was to measure the anterior chamber depth ([[ACD]]), central lens thickness (CLT), vitreous chamber depth (VCD), axial globe length ([[AGL]]) and corneal curvature of horses less than one year of age. The axial dimensions from one eye of 10 foals were measured using simultaneous A and B scan ultrasonography. The corneal curvature from one eye of 7 weanlings was determined using a modified photokeratometer. Ultrasonography revealed a mean [[ACD]] of 4.94 mm, mean CLT of 9.38 mm, mean VCD of 18.96 mm and mean [[AGL]] of 33.32 mm for the foals. The mean corneal curvature was 15.4 diopters (D). The mean [[ACD]], CLT, VCD and [[AGL]] of the foals were less than the measurements reported in the literature for adult horses. The mean corneal curvature was similar to the values reported by some authors for adult horses. Due to the differences in axial dimensions between adult and juvenile eyes, an IOL that corrects vision in an adult horse might not adequately correct vision in a horse less than one year of age.
|mesh-terms=* Aging
* Animals
* Cornea
* Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological
* Eye
* Female
* Horses
* Male
* Pilot Projects

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00598.x
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Factors associated with anterior chamber narrowing with age: an optical coherence tomography study.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22467582
|abstract=The purpose of our study is to evaluate the effect of age on various anterior segment (AS) parameters in healthy eyes using AS optical coherence tomography (OCT), and to examine their relationship to anterior chamber angle (ACA) narrowing with age. A total of 388 consecutive Korean subjects aged 30 to 89 years was imaged by AS OCT. Anterior chamber depth ([[ACD]]), iris cross-sectional area (IA), iris thickness at 750 and 1500 μ from the scleral spur (IT(750, 1500)), iris curvature (IC), lens vault (LV), and anterior chamber area (AA) were determined using Image J software (version 1.44). The absolute and normalized slopes of these parameters, adjusted for axial length and sex, were determined by linear mixed-effects modeling. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to evaluate factors associated with ACA narrowing, which was defined as the angle-opening distance (AOD(500)) at the temporal angle. [[ACD]] and AA had significantly negative slopes (-0.0119 mm/year, -0.0845 mm(2)/year, P < 0.0001, <0.0001) with age, and LV, IC, IT(750), IT(1500), and IA had significantly positive slopes (0.0084 mm/year, 0.0019 mm/year, 0.0006 mm/year, 0.0008 mm/year, 0.0131 mm(2)/year, all P < 0.05). IC, [[ACD]], LV, and AA underwent the greatest changes when analyzed by normalized slopes. IC, LV, age, and axial length were associated significantly with ACA narrowing (all P < 0.0001). Increments of LV, IC, IT, and IA with age led to a reduction in the dimensions of the AC and to narrowing of the ACA. This may explain why aging is a significant risk factor for primary angle closure glaucoma.
|mesh-terms=* Adult
* Aged
* Aged, 80 and over
* Aging
* Anterior Chamber
* Cross-Sectional Studies
* Female
* Humans
* Intraocular Pressure
* Iris
* Lens, Crystalline
* Male
* Middle Aged
* Organ Size
* Risk Factors
* Tomography, Optical Coherence
* Visual Acuity

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1167/iovs.11-9359
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Dynamic changes in anterior segment (AS) parameters in eyes with primary angle closure (PAC) and PAC glaucoma and open-angle eyes assessed using AS optical coherence tomography.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22222269
|abstract=To evaluate serial changes in anterior segment (AS) parameters in terms of variation in pupil diameter (PD) using AS optical coherence tomography (OCT) in eyes with primary angle closure or primary angle closure glaucoma (PCG), age-matched open-angle (AO) eyes, and young open-angle (YO) eyes. Forty-four PCG (mean ± SD; 62.2 ± 7.5 years), 36 AO (62.0 ± 12.3 years), and 58 YO eyes (29.1 ± 7.0 years) were imaged under four standardized lighting conditions (3.25, 100.8, 426, and 1420 cd/m(2)). PD, anterior chamber depth ([[ACD]]), iris cross-sectional area (IA), iris thicknesses at 750 and 1500 μm from the scleral spur (IT750, IT1500), iris curvature (IC), lens vault (LV), and anterior chamber area (ACA), were calculated. The slope of the change in each AS parameter in terms of variation in PD was determined by a linear mixed-effect model. The mean [[ACD]] was significantly shallower (P < 0.001), the IC higher (P < 0.001), the IT750 greater (P = 0.026), the ACA smaller (P < 0.001), the LV greater (P < 0.001), and the IA wider (P = 0.019) in PCG eyes compared with AO eyes. However, the mean slope of no parameter differed significantly between PCG and AO eyes. The mean slopes of IC, IT1500, and IA differed between AO and YO eyes. Older eyes showed significantly different dynamic AS parameter responses in terms of change in PD compared with younger eyes. Thus, the authors suggest that changes in the dynamic features of AS parameters with age may contribute to angle closure development, in addition to any predisposing anatomic condition.
|mesh-terms=* Adult
* Aging
* Anterior Eye Segment
* Asian Continental Ancestry Group
* Case-Control Studies
* Female
* Glaucoma, Angle-Closure
* Gonioscopy
* Humans
* Male
* Middle Aged
* Pupil
* Tomography, Optical Coherence

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1167/iovs.11-8389
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Presbyopia and its anatomical and physiological variants.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21876590
|abstract=To study the various ocular anatomical and physiological parameters in presbyopia. We studied the various ocular anatomical and physiological parameters like corneal curvature (keratometry readings: K1 and K2), central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth ([[ACD]]), lens thickness (LT) and axial length (AL) in 100 presbyopic patients between 35 - 55 years of age. The patients were divided into two age groups: I (35 ± 44 years) and II (45-55 yrs). [[ACD]], AL and LT were measured using an Ascan. CCT was measured with ultrasonic pachymetry. The CCT decreased (BE), LT increased and [[ACD]] decreased (RE) significantly with increasing age (p less than 0.05). There was no significant difference in males and females. Nearly 3/4th of the total increase in lens thickness was responsible for the decrease in the anterior chamber depth and the rest, 1/4th , goes posteriorly. Corneal curvature and AL showed no significant change with age. The mean of CCT decreased significantly with advancing age. As age increased, the mean value of lens thickness increased and anterior chamber depth decreased. Nearly 3/4th of total increase in LT was anteriorly, decreasing the [[ACD]]. Corneal curvature and AL has no relation with age.
|mesh-terms=* Adult
* Age Factors
* Aging
* Anterior Chamber
* Axial Length, Eye
* Cornea
* Female
* Humans
* Lens, Crystalline
* Male
* Middle Aged
* Presbyopia

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.3126/nepjoph.v3i2.5269
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Longitudinal changes in anterior chamber configuration in eyes with open-angle glaucoma and associated factors.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21602708
|abstract=To investigate longitudinal changes in anterior chamber depth ([[ACD]]) and anterior chamber angle (ACA) and the associated factors in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma using the scanning peripheral [[ACD]] analyzer. The scanning peripheral [[ACD]] analyzer evaluated [[ACD]] by numeric grade ([[ACD]]G 1 to 12) and ACA twice in 2003 and 2008. The exclusion criteria were as follows: history of laser or incisional surgery, other ocular diseases that may affect visual field, visual acuity less than 20/30, and treatment with pilocarpine ophthalmic solution. Patients with pseudophakic eye were used as control. One hundred fifty-seven patients with glaucoma and 26 patients with pseudophakic eye were subjected to the analysis. [[ACD]]G and ACA of patients with glaucoma were significantly decreased from 7.2±2.3 to 6.5±2.1 (P<0.001) and from 34.2±12.6 to 28.1±10.3 degrees (P<0.0001), respectively, whereas patients with cataract surgery showed no significant changes in [[ACD]]G and ACA. The change in [[ACD]] was greater at the peripheral region than at the central region. The decrease in [[ACD]]G was significantly associated with deep initial [[ACD]]G and wide ACA. Patients having shallow [[ACD]]G and narrow ACA showed more rapid deterioration of visual field than those having deep [[ACD]]G and wide ACA. [[ACD]]G and ACA decreased with age, and initial [[ACD]]G and ACA were related to the progression of open-angle glaucoma.
|mesh-terms=* Adolescent
* Adult
* Aged
* Aged, 80 and over
* Aging
* Anterior Chamber
* Ciliary Body
* Cornea
* Disease Progression
* Female
* Glaucoma, Open-Angle
* Humans
* Longitudinal Studies
* Low Tension Glaucoma
* Male
* Middle Aged
* Risk Factors
* Trabecular Meshwork
* Young Adult

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1097/IJG.0b013e31821206b1
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Postnatal elongation of eye size in DBA/2J mice compared with C57BL/6J mice: in vivo analysis with whole-eye OCT.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21372015
|abstract=To characterize postnatal changes in eye size in glaucomatous DBA/2J (D2) mice and in nonglaucomatous C57BL/6J mice (B6) in vivo by means of whole-eye optical coherence tomography (OCT). D2 (n = 32) and B6 (n = 36) mice were tested between 2 and 20 months of age in eight age bins. A custom time-domain OCT system with a center wavelength of 825 nm and an axial scan length of 7.1 mm produced axial A-scan interferograms at a rate of 20 A-lines/s with a resolution of 8 μm. Axial length (AL), corneal thickness (CT), anterior chamber depth ([[ACD]]), lens thickness (LT), vitreous chamber depth (VCD), and retinal thickness (RT) were measured in the optical axis and adjusted with corresponding refractive indices. Corneal curvature (CC) and IOP were also measured. AL increased (P < 0.001) more in the D2 (21%) than in the B6 (9%) mice. There was an interaction effect (two-way ANOVA, P < 0.001) between age and strain for AL, CT, [[ACD]], and VCD. In the D2 mice, the lens became dislocated posteriorly. Multiple regression analysis in the D2 mice revealed an independent effect of age and IOP (P ≤ 0.01) on axial length. CC steepened in the older D2 mice, whereas it flattened in the B6 mice. In D2 mice, postnatal elongation of AL is larger than that in B6 mice and is associated with a greater increase in [[ACD]] and IOP, which seems to be a causal factor. The ease of use, short acquisition time, and noninvasiveness of whole-eye OCT make it suitable for routine use in longitudinal studies of mouse models.
|mesh-terms=* Aging
* Animals
* Anterior Chamber
* Axial Length, Eye
* Biometry
* Body Weights and Measures
* Cornea
* Glaucoma
* Intraocular Pressure
* Lens, Crystalline
* Mice
* Mice, Inbred C57BL
* Mice, Inbred DBA
* Retina
* Tomography, Optical Coherence
* Tonometry, Ocular
* Vitreous Body

|full-text-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3109044
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Performance of three biometry devices in patients with different grades of age-related cataract.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21310011
|abstract=The new Lenstar biometry device was compared in a typical clinical setting to the IOL-Master and Visante-OCT. Fifty-one eyes of 51 patients with age-related cataract were examined with Lenstar LS900 (Haag Streit AG) biometer, IOL-Master V.5 (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG) and Visante-OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG) before cataract surgery. Central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth ([[ACD]]), keratometry readings of flattest and steepest meridian (K), corneal radius (R) and axial length (AL) values were correlated. Cataracts were graded according to the Lens Opacities Classification System III (LOCS) regarding nuclear colour (NC), nuclear opalescence (NO), cortical (C) and posterior subcapsular (P) cataract. Mean values and standard deviations for AL, K and R was 23.66 ± 1.23 mm and 23.67 ± 1.26 mm, 43.24 ± 1.69 dpt and 43.16 ± 1.71 dpt, 7.68 ± 0.29 mm and 7.70 ± 0.28 mm with the IOL-Master and with the LS900, respectively (r = 0.99 and p = 0.76, r = 0.99 and p = 0.029, r = 0.89 and p = 0.14, respectively). Visante-OCT demonstrated highest values of three devices regarding to [[ACD]] followed by Lenstar LS900 and IOLMaster. Axial length measurements were unfeasible in 10% of the cases (five patients) and this significantly correlated with the presence of posterior subcapsular cataract of LOCS III grade 4.0 or higher. IOL-Master, Lenstar LS900 and AC–OCT proved to be excellent non-contact measurement methods in eyes with age-related cataract. Nevertheless, ultrasound biometry is still required for cases with dense posterior subcapsular cataract.
|mesh-terms=* Aged
* Aging
* Anterior Chamber
* Axial Length, Eye
* Biometry
* Cataract
* Cornea
* Cross-Sectional Studies
* Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological
* Female
* Humans
* Interferometry
* Lens, Crystalline
* Male
* Organ Size
* Retina
* Tomography, Optical Coherence

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.02042.x
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Morphologic changes in the anterior chamber in patients with cortical or nuclear age-related cataract.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21183102
|abstract=To assess and compare the morphologic changes in the anterior segment in eyes with nuclear or cortical age-related cataract using Scheimpflug imaging. Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China. Case-control study. Patients with nuclear or cortical age-related cataract were recruited. The grade of nuclear opalescence or cortical opacity was assessed using the Lens Opacities Classification System III (LOCS III). A group of elderly subjects with a clear lens and normal vision served as the control group. Anterior chamber depth ([[ACD]]), anterior chamber volume (ACV), and lens thickness were evaluated using Scheimpflug imaging (Pentacam). Two hundred sixty-nine patients (330 eyes) were recruited. Thirty eyes were enrolled for each nuclear opalescence and cortical grade. The control group comprised 30 eyes (19 subjects). In eyes with age-related cataract, lens thickness increased with an increase in cortical opacity, whereas the [[ACD]] and ACV values decreased. The [[ACD]] was inversely correlated with LOCS III grades for nuclear opalescence (r = -0.197, P = .004), nuclear color (r = -0.195, P = .005), and cortical opacity (r = -0.508, P<.005). There were significant differences in lens thickness, [[ACD]], and ACV between nuclear color, nuclear opalescence, and cortical opacity for LOCS III grades 3, 4, and 5, respectively. There were significant differences in lens thickness, [[ACD]], and ACV between nuclear and cortical age-related cataracts. The [[ACD]] decreased more in eyes with cortical cataract, suggesting that the risk for angle-closure glaucoma may be greater in cases of cortical opacity in which lens expansion is greater. No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
|mesh-terms=* Aged
* Aged, 80 and over
* Aging
* Anterior Chamber
* Case-Control Studies
* Cataract
* Cornea
* Female
* Humans
* Lens Cortex, Crystalline
* Lens Nucleus, Crystalline
* Male
* Middle Aged
* Photography
* Prospective Studies

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1016/j.jcrs.2010.07.029
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Independent and combined association of physical activity and cardiac disease on mortality risk in the very old.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20980478
|abstract=This study investigated physical activity as a predictor of all-cause mortality among 75- and 80-year-old people with and without chronic cardiac disease over a 10-year follow-up period. Using the Evergreen Project data, four study groups were formed according to the respondent's self-reported level of physical activity as well as chronic cardiac diseases: active without cardiac disease (control group = ANCD), active with cardiac disease ([[ACD]]), sedentary without cardiac disease (SNCD), and sedentary with cardiac disease ([[SCD]]). In the analyses, the [[ACD]] (HR 1.69, 95% CI 1.02-2.81) and the SNCD (1.76, 1.14-2.73) groups had almost one and a half times greater risk of dying than the control group, while the [[SCD]] group had almost three times (2.77, 1.80-4.26) greater risk of dying than the control group. Among the older people with cardiac disease, a physically active lifestyle was associated with lower mortality.
|mesh-terms=* Aged
* Aged, 80 and over
* Aging
* Cardiovascular Diseases
* Chi-Square Distribution
* Chronic Disease
* Confidence Intervals
* Female
* Finland
* Humans
* Male
* Mortality
* Motor Activity
* Multivariate Analysis
* Risk Factors
* Sedentary Behavior
* Self Report

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1177/0898264310386484
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Anterior segment variations with age and accommodation demonstrated by slit-lamp-adapted optical coherence tomography.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20591484
|abstract=To investigate anterior segment variations with age and accommodation by slit-lamp-adapted optical coherence tomography (SL-OCT) and determine a safe central vault distance between the implantable contact lens (ICL) and the crystalline lens to avoid contact cataract formation. Evaluation of diagnostic test or technology. Eighty-six patients (126 eyes) under regular review from the Optometry Clinic and Outpatient Department in Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center. Patients underwent anterior segment measurements, such as anterior chamber depth ([[ACD]]), anterior chamber width (ACW), crystalline lens rise (CLR), and pupil diameter (PD), with the SL-OCT system manufactured by Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany. Data were analyzed with SPSS software (version 16.0, SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL). Anterior segment parameters and their variations with age and accommodation. The internal vertical ACW (V-ACW) was anatomically larger than the internal horizontal ACW (H-ACW). With age, the [[ACD]] decreased approximately 17 μm per year. Forward movement of the crystalline lens' anterior pole decreased approximately 11 μm per year. During physiologic accommodation, the variation in [[ACD]] was -24 μm per diopter and the alterations in CLR were 28 μm per diopter. According to our data, a safe lens vault after phakic intraocular lens implantation should be more than 300 μm to reduce complications. Slit-lamp-adapted optical coherence tomography is a user-friendly instrument for evaluating the anterior segment, especially for accurate anterior chamber biometry, and may offer guidance on minimizing touch and cataract formation after phakic intraocular lens implantation.
|mesh-terms=* Accommodation, Ocular
* Adolescent
* Adult
* Aging
* Anterior Eye Segment
* Biometry
* Cataract
* Child
* Emmetropia
* Female
* Humans
* Hyperopia
* Lens Implantation, Intraocular
* Lens, Crystalline
* Male
* Middle Aged
* Myopia
* Phakic Intraocular Lenses
* Tomography, Optical Coherence
* Young Adult

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.03.027
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Age-related changes of thoracic and cervical intervertebral discs in asymptomatic subjects.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20505574
|abstract=Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study on degeneration of the thoracic spine in asymptomatic subjects. To investigate the incidence of degenerative MRI findings of the thoracic spine in asymptomatic subjects and to identify factors related to the degeneration of the thoracic discs. Studies on age-related degenerative changes of the thoracic spine are scarce. Ninety-four asymptomatic Japanese volunteers (48 men and 46 women, mean age of 48.0  /- 13.4 years) underwent MRI of the thoracic and cervical spine and filled the questionnaire regarding life styles. The items evaluated on MRI using a numerical grading system were (1) decrease in the signal intensity of the intervertebral discs (DSI), (2) posterior disc protrusion (PDP), (3) anterior compression of the dural sac ([[ACD]]), and (4) disc space narrowing. Association between each degenerative MRI finding and several factors, including age, sex, smoking, sports, body mass index, and degeneration of cervical spine was investigated. Forty-four (46.8%) patients demonstrated positive degenerative MRI findings at 1 or more thoracic intervertebral levels. The percentage of the subjects with positive MRI findings was 37.2% in DSI, 30.9% in PDP, 29.8% in [[ACD]], and 4.3% in disc space narrowing. The percentages of all MRI findings increased with aging. In 85 (90.4%) patients, degenerative MRI findings were positive in the cervical spine. DSI was significantly associated with age (odds ratio, 11.21, 95% confidence interval, 2.70-46.5), PDP with age (3.44, 1.02-16.61), smoking (4.94, 1.55-15.71) and presence of PDP in the cervical spine (4.25, 1.01-17.92), and [[ACD]] was associated with smoking (3.99, 1.28-12.44). Degenerative changes in the thoracic spine on MRI was observed in approximately half of the asymptomatic subjects, whereas their incidences were less frequent than those in the cervical spine. Factors significantly associated with degenerative changes in the thoracic spine included age, smoking, and degeneration in the cervical spine.
|mesh-terms=* Adult
* Aging
* Cervical Vertebrae
* Chi-Square Distribution
* Female
* Humans
* Incidence
* Intervertebral Disc
* Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
* Japan
* Magnetic Resonance Imaging
* Male
* Middle Aged
* Radiography
* Risk Factors
* Smoking
* Surveys and Questionnaires
* Thoracic Vertebrae

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181c17067
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Distribution of axial length and ocular biometry measured using partial coherence laser interferometry (IOL Master) in an older white population.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20031227
|abstract=We aimed to describe norms for the distribution of axial length (AL) and other ocular biometric parameters in an older Caucasian population, measured using partial coherence laser interferometry (Zeiss IOL Master; Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany), a technique now routinely used in measuring AL before cataract surgery. We also aimed to assess age and gender relationships with these parameters and their correlations with spherical equivalent refraction (SER). Cross-sectional analysis of the Blue Mountains Eye Study (BMES) cohort at the examinations (10-year follow-up examination). From 2002 to 2004, 1952 persons (76% of surviving baseline BMES participants) aged 59 years or older had ocular biometry measured at the 10-year examinations. Spherical equivalent refraction was calculated as the sum of sphere  0.5 cylinder power, after protocol refraction. Measurements of AL, corneal curvature (K1), anterior chamber depth ([[ACD]]), and corneal diameter (WTW) were performed using the IOL Master. Only right phakic eyes (n = 1335) with biometry data were included. Axial length distribution. Mean AL was 23.44 mm (95% confidence interval [CI], 23.38-23.50) and was greater in men, 23.76 mm (CI, 23.68-23.84), than in women, 23.19 mm (CI, 23.11-23.27). The mean K1, [[ACD]], and WTW were 43.42 diopters (D), 3.10 mm, and 12.06 mm, respectively. The AL and [[ACD]] distributions were both positively skewed and peaked, whereas the WTW and K1 distributions were near normal. From age 59 years or older, a mean reduction in AL with age was observed (P for trend = 0.005), 0.12 mm per decade (P = 0.0176) in women but only 0.02 mm per decade (P = 0.6319) in men. Mean SER was 0.58 D, and the distribution was peaked with a negative skew. The SER was negatively correlated with both AL (beta coefficient -0.688) and [[ACD]] (beta coefficient -0.222), but not with K1 or WTW. These data provide normative values in the older general population for AL measured using the IOL Master. Axial length distribution was peaked and skewed, suggesting an active modulation process.
|mesh-terms=* Aged
* Aged, 80 and over
* Aging
* Anterior Chamber
* Biometry
* Body Weights and Measures
* Cornea
* Cross-Sectional Studies
* European Continental Ancestry Group
* Eye
* Female
* Humans
* Interferometry
* Lasers
* Male
* Middle Aged
* Reference Values
* Refraction, Ocular
* Sex Factors

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.07.028
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Effect of age on changes in anterior chamber depth and volume after laser in situ keratomileusis.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19878817
|abstract=To evaluate the effect of age on anterior chamber depth ([[ACD]]) and anterior chamber volume (ACV) after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for myopia. Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, and a private clinic, Tokyo, Japan. In this retrospective study, patients who had uneventful LASIK for myopia or myopic astigmatism were divided into 2 groups: younger (younger than 40 years) and older (40 years and older). Central corneal thickness, central corneal true net power, ACV, and central [[ACD]] were measured using a rotating Scheimpflug camera preoperatively and 1 month postoperatively. These parameters were compared between the 2 groups. The study evaluated 161 eyes of 83 patients (mean age 34.5 years  /- 8.3 [SD]). The decreases in central [[ACD]] and ACV after LASIK were statistically significant in the younger group (P<.0001 and P = .0050, respectively) but not in the older group. Central [[ACD]] and the ACV decreased significantly after LASIK in younger patients (<40 years) but not in older patients, indicating that age influences changes in [[ACD]] and ACV after LASIK.
|mesh-terms=* Adult
* Aging
* Anterior Chamber
* Astigmatism
* Cornea
* Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological
* Female
* Humans
* Keratomileusis, Laser In Situ
* Lasers, Excimer
* Male
* Middle Aged
* Myopia
* Postoperative Period
* Preoperative Period
* Retrospective Studies
* Young Adult

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1016/j.jcrs.2009.06.022
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Relation between axial length and ocular parameters.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19864929
|abstract=To investigate the relation between axial length (AL) and ocular parameters. Measurements of ocular biometric parameters were performed with an optical biometer, pachymeter, optical coherence tomography, and an automatic refractometer. AL, refractive error (RE), central corneal thickness, anterior chamber depth ([[ACD]]), corneal curvature (CC), white-to-white distance (WWD), and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness were measured. AL was evaluated in relation to ocular parameters. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was used to statistically evaluate each scattergram. With elongation of the AL, the mean RE (r = -0.790, p < 0.001), CC (r = -0.444, p < 0.001), and RNFL thickness (r = -0.306, p < 0.001) all decreased, while the mean [[ACD]] (r = 0.506, p < 0.001) and WWD (r = 0.279, p < 0.001) increased. In shorter eyes, there was a tendency toward hyperopia, a steeper cornea, and a thicker RNFL, and in longer eyes toward myopia, a flatter cornea, and a thinner RNFL.
|mesh-terms=* Adult
* Aged
* Aged, 80 and over
* Aging
* Anthropometry
* Biometry
* Cross-Sectional Studies
* Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological
* Eye
* Female
* Humans
* Hyperopia
* Male
* Middle Aged
* Myopia
* Nerve Fibers
* Retinal Ganglion Cells
* Tomography, Optical Coherence
* Visual Acuity

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1159/000252982
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Anterior chamber depth and iridocorneal angle in healthy White subjects: effects of age, gender and refraction.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19548881
|abstract=Prior to phakic intraocular lens implantation, it is important to obtain precise knowledge of the anterior chamber depth ([[ACD]]). Accurate topographic evaluation of the iridocorneal angle is helpful in estimating risk for angle-closure glaucoma. This study investigated the use of the Orbscan II system to measure [[ACD]] and the iridocorneal angle in healthy subjects and assessed the influences of age, gender and spherical equivalent on these parameters. The Orbscan II system was used to determine the [[ACD]] and iridocorneal angle in eight different positions in 390 healthy White subjects with a mean age of 41± 16years (range 10-80 years). The sample included 242 male and 148 female subjects. The influences of age, gender and spherical equivalent were assessed using multiple regression analysis. Mean [[ACD]] was 2.87 ± 0.04 mm in male subjects and 2.81±0.37mm in female subjects. The explanatory variables relevant to the [[ACD]] were age (partial regression coefficient B = -0.0115, p < 0.0001), spherical equivalent (B = - 0.0562, p< 0.0001) and gender (B = 0.0996, p=0.0036). The mean iridocorneal angle ([[MIA]]) was 30.7 ± 2.0 ° in male and 31.6 ± 2.1° in female subjects. The variables relevant to the [[MIA]] were gender (B =- 0.865, p < 0.0001), age (B =- 0.017, p = 0.0007) and spherical equivalent (B = - 0.121, p = 0.001). The superior iridocorneal angle displayed the strongest negative correlation with age, whereas the temporal angle exhibited the least correlation with age. The decline in [[ACD]] appears to be linear with age, amounting to a mean of 0.58 mm over 50 years. This may become clinically relevant in the use of phakic intraocular lenses. In addition, the angle is more severely constricted in the superior quadrant than in the temporal quadrant.
|mesh-terms=* Adolescent
* Adult
* Aged
* Aged, 80 and over
* Aging
* Anterior Chamber
* Biometry
* Child
* Cornea
* European Continental Ancestry Group
* Female
* Humans
* Iris
* Male
* Microscopy, Acoustic
* Middle Aged
* Phakic Intraocular Lenses
* Refraction, Ocular
* Sex Factors
* Young Adult

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01588.x
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Comparison of anterior chamber depth of normal and keratoconus eyes using Scheimpflug photography.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19421017
|abstract=To compare the corneal anterior chamber depth ([[ACD]]) adjusted by age and sex in normal and keratoconus eyes. Scheimpflug photography with the Oculus Pentacam was used to measure the [[ACD]] of 162 normal and 41 keratoconus patients. Univariate analysis showed that the mean [[ACD]] of 162 normal subjects (3.18  /- 0.32 mm) was borderline significantly less than in 41 keratoconus patients (3.28  /- 0.40 mm; P=0.079). However, we found that sex (P=0.001) and age (P<0.001) are significantly related to [[ACD]] in all patients. Women with normal eyes had a significantly lower mean [[ACD]] (3.13  /- 0.34 mm) than men (3.27  /- 0.28 mm, P=0.008). Women with keratoconus eyes also had a lower mean [[ACD]] (3.16  /- 0.39 mm) than men with keratoconus (3.42  /- 0.36 mm, P=0.032). Bivariate regression showed that with each additional year of aging, the [[ACD]] was decreased by an average of 0.012 mm in a normal eye (P<0.001) and by 0.014 mm in a keratoconus eye (P<0.001). Regression analysis showed that sex (P=0.003), age (P<0.001), and keratoconus (P=0.003) are all significant variables for determining [[ACD]]. After adjusting for age and sex, keratoconus eyes had a significantly higher mean [[ACD]] (3.34  /- 0.34 mm) than normal eyes (3.18  /- 0.28 mm) (P=0.003). Sex, age, and keratoconus are all significant variables for [[ACD]]. After adjusting for age, keratoconus eyes of both genders had a significantly higher [[ACD]] than normal eyes of both genders. Women showed lower mean [[ACD]] than men in both normal and keratoconus eyes.
|mesh-terms=* Adult
* Aging
* Anterior Chamber
* Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological
* Female
* Humans
* Keratoconus
* Male
* Middle Aged
* Photography
* Sex Factors
* Young Adult

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1097/ICL.0b013e31819cf5a6
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Lens thickness of Indian eyes: impact of isolated lens opacity, age, axial length, and influence on anterior chamber depth.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18949009
|abstract=To report relationship of age group and axial length (AL) category to lens thickness values in eyes with a clear lens or different types of isolated cataract (nuclear, cortical, and posterior subcapsular (PSC)). Further, we evaluated lens thickness values on anterior chamber depth ([[ACD]]) in these eyes. Observational clinic-based study.MethodsAn observational study of 1442 eyes of 1442 individuals (816 eyes with isolated cataract and 626 eyes with clear lens) of those above 25 years of age was evaluated. AL and lens thickness were performed with an A-scan ultrasound after dilatation of the pupil, and manual optical pachymetry was used to measure [[ACD]] after dilatation of the pupil. Lens thickness. Multiple regression analysis revealed that with each decade of advancement in age, the lens thickness increased by 0.155 mm (P<0.001). The difference in lens thickness after adjusting for age group and AL category was less in cortical cataract by -0.25 mm (P<0.001) and PSC by -0.29 mm (P<0.001); With advancement in AL category, lens thickness decreased by 0.004 mm (P<0.001). After adjusting for all the parameters/variables, regression analysis revealed that as lens thickness increased, there was a significant decrease in [[ACD]] (mean -0.44 mm; P<0.001). Lens thickness was significantly greater in clear lenses when compared with isolated cataracts-greatest with nuclear cataract and least with PSC. Age group and AL category had a significant impact on the lens thickness of both cataract and clear lens. A significant decrease in [[ACD]] was found with the increase in lens thickness.
|mesh-terms=* Age Factors
* Aged
* Aging
* Analysis of Variance
* Anterior Chamber
* Cataract
* Female
* Humans
* India
* Lens, Crystalline
* Male
* Middle Aged
* Regression Analysis

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1038/eye.2008.315
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Anterior chamber depth in elderly Chinese: the Liwan eye study.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18471885
|abstract=To assess the anterior chamber depth ([[ACD]]) and its variation with age, gender, and angle width in elderly Chinese in an urban area of southern China. Cross-sectional study. Adults 50 and older were identified using cluster random sampling in Liwan District, Guangzhou. Gonioscopy was performed before [[ACD]] measurements to estimate the geometric angle width according to the Shaffer system. [[ACD]] was measured using optical pachymetry. True [[ACD]] was calculated by subtracting central corneal thickness from the distance between the anterior corneal epithelium and the anterior lens capsule. Data were presented for the right phakic eyes. Anterior chamber depth and gonioscopy. Among 1405 participants in the study, data from 1248 right eyes were available for analysis. The mean [[ACD]] values for men and women were 2.59 mm (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.56-2.62; 25th-75th percentile, 2.37-2.82) and 2.42 mm (95% CI, 2.39-2.44; 25th-75th percentile, 2.21-2.63). Mean [[ACD]] declined by 0.09 mm (95% CI, -0.011 to -0.008) per decade (adjusted for gender) and was 0.18 mm (95% CI, -0.213 to -0.141) shallower in women than men (adjusted for age). The [[ACD]] was found to be monotonically associated with gonioscopic angle width, decreasing from 2.73 mm (standard deviation [SD], 0.26) in Shaffer grade 4 to 1.94 mm (SD, 0.27) in Shaffer grade 0. There was also a relationship between [[ACD]] and refractive error; mean spherical equivalent decreased by 0.030 mm [[ACD]] per diopter. This study confirms an inverse association between [[ACD]] and age, female gender, and spherical refractive error. Eyes with shallower [[ACD]]s had narrower angles.
|mesh-terms=* Aged
* Aged, 80 and over
* Aging
* Anterior Chamber
* Asian Continental Ancestry Group
* Body Weights and Measures
* China
* Cross-Sectional Studies
* Female
* Glaucoma, Angle-Closure
* Gonioscopy
* Humans
* Male
* Middle Aged
* Risk Factors
* Sex Factors
* Ultrasonography
* Urban Population

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.12.003
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=[Measurement of accommodation using optical biometry].
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17940775
|abstract=Making accommodation possible for all age groups is a topic of great interest. We applied optical biometry in order to study the physiological mechanisms in detail. Longitudinal relations in the optical axis were measured during accommodation in volunteers of different ages and lens states. A total of 60 subjects (children, adolescents, adults, and pseudophakes) were examined using the IOL Master. We measured anterior chamber depth ([[ACD]]), axial length (AL), and changes in these two measurements during accommodation. Near accommodation (NA) in adolescents caused the largest [[ACD]] decrease (0.14 /-0.03 mm). [[ACD]] decreased in adults during NA but not in pseudophakic patients of comparable age. AL increased during NA in all groups by 0.01 /-0.01 mm. [[ACD]] decreased with age. Using a physiological stimulus, no change in [[ACD]] was measured during NA in pseudophakic patients. The documented increase in AL needs to be evaluated further.
|mesh-terms=* Accommodation, Ocular
* Adolescent
* Adult
* Aging
* Biometry
* Child
* Humans
* Lens, Crystalline
* Middle Aged
* Ophthalmoscopy
* Optics and Photonics
* Pseudophakia
* Sensitivity and Specificity

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1007/s00347-007-1622-x
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Anterior segment changes with age and during accommodation measured with partial coherence interferometry.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17720076
|abstract=To evaluate anterior segment alterations with age and during accommodation in different age groups. Department of Ophthalmology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary. Fifty-three subjects (101 normal eyes) were enrolled in this study and divided into 3 age groups: younger than 30 years (Group 1), between 31 years and 44 years (Group 2), and older than 45 years (Group 3). The total amplitude of accommodation was determined with a defocusing technique, and anterior segment measurements were performed by partial coherence interferometry. Group 1 comprised 32 eyes; Group 2, 37 eyes; and Group 3, 32 eyes. The total amplitude of accommodation decreased with age (P<.0001). With the target position at infinity, the lens thickness (LT) and anterior segment length ([[ASL]]) increased and the anterior chamber depth ([[ACD]]) decreased significantly with age (P<.0001). During accommodation in the youngest group, the mean change in LT was 36.3 mum/diopter (D) and in [[ACD]], -26.7 mum/D. The mean accommodation-induced [[ACD]] change was -0.08 mm  /- 0.06 (SD) in Group 1, -0.064  /- 0.087 mm in Group 2, and -0.03  /- 0.06 mm in Group 3 (P = .0004). The mean LT change during near fixation was 0.109  /- 0.063 mm in Group 1, 0.103  /- 0.136 mm in Group 2, and 0.006  /- 0.05 mm in Group 3 (P<.0001). The mean [[ASL]] change during accommodation was 0.029  /- 0.037 mm, 0.039  /- 0.114 mm, and -0.023  /- 0.051, respectively (P<.0001). In addition to forward movement of the anterior lens surface with age, the posterior surface moved backward. Alterations in LT and [[ACD]] sufficient for a unit of refractive power change during accommodation might be smaller than previously thought. Anterior shifting of the lens may also participate in the accommodative response.
|mesh-terms=* Accommodation, Ocular
* Adolescent
* Adult
* Aged
* Aging
* Anterior Eye Segment
* Biometry
* Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological
* Female
* Humans
* Interferometry
* Lens, Crystalline
* Light
* Male
* Middle Aged
* Prospective Studies

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1016/j.jcrs.2007.05.021
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=[Aging effect on peripheral anterior chamber depth in male and female subjects investigated by scanning peripheral anterior chamber depth analyzer].
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17672049
|abstract=To investigate the distribution of anterior chamber depth ([[ACD]]), the influence of age and sex on [[ACD]], and the frequency of eyes with a shallow anterior chamber, the scanning peripheral anterior chamber (SPAC) depth analyzer was used in measuring these parameters in subjects visiting a health screening center. Paramedical staff measured the [[ACD]] of 285 subjects (250 eyes of 141 men, 264 eyes of 144 women) who visited the health screening center between October 31 and December 22, 2005. Based on the data provided by SPAC, the following parameters were determined : distribution of [[ACD]] from the central region to the peripheral region, distribution of the grades of [[ACD]], frequency of suspected or possible angle-closure eyes, and number of measurable points. [[ACD]] decreased with age, and peripheral [[ACD]]s of subjects 60 years of age or older were significantly shallower than those of subjects younger than 60, both in men and in women. The [[ACD]] tended to be shallower in women than in men in each generation. The high risk of angle closure among women was estimated as 1.6%, and possible angle closure was considered likely for 1.9% of women. Among men, 0.8% were considered vulnerable to possible angle closure. Women 50 years of age or older were at greater risk. The decrease with age in peripheral [[ACD]] was shown quantitatively in both men and women. Eyes at risk for angle closure were more frequent in women 50 years of age or older.
|mesh-terms=* Adult
* Aged
* Aging
* Anterior Chamber
* Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological
* Female
* Humans
* Male
* Middle Aged
* Sex Characteristics


}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Anterior chamber measurements using Pentacam rotating Scheimpflug camera.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16631057
|abstract=To investigate the mean values and standard deviations according to age, reliability, and correlation between different parameters of anterior chamber measurements using the Pentacam rotating Scheimpflug camera. Heidelberg IOL and Refractive Surgery Research Group, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. This prospective clinical study comprised 76 healthy volunteers (mean age 46.6 years  /- 16.8 [SD]). Three consecutive measurements were made of only 1 eye and anterior chamber depth ([[ACD]]), mean and minimum anterior chamber angle (ACA), and anterior chamber volume (ACV) were evaluated. Mean [[ACD]] was 2.93  /- 0.36 mm, mean ACA was 34.81  /- 5.05 degrees, minimum ACA was 29.99  /- 5.53 degrees, and mean ACV was 160.3  /- 36.81 mm3. Increasing age was associated with reduced [[ACD]] and ACV; however, mean and minimum ACAs were lowest in patients aged 40 to 59 years. Excellent correlation was found between [[ACD]] and ACV (R = 0.92). Anterior chamber depth and mean ACA correlated only moderately (R = 0.65). The correlation coefficient between [[ACD]] and minimum ACA was smaller (R = 0.58). There was no correlation between ACV and ACA (R = 0.37). Minor standard deviations were noted ([[ACD]] 0.02  /- 0.02 mm, mean ACA 1.12  /- 0.94 degrees, minimum ACA 2.04  /- 2.67 degrees, and ACV 2.48  /- 1.65 mm3). Using the Pentacam, it was possible to examine different parameters of the anterior chamber within a short period and with good reliability. The evaluation of the ACA in different positions can help to classify the potential risk for angle-closure glaucoma.
|mesh-terms=* Adolescent
* Adult
* Aged
* Aging
* Anterior Chamber
* Body Weights and Measures
* Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological
* Humans
* Middle Aged
* Photography
* Prospective Studies
* Reproducibility of Results

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1016/j.jcrs.2005.12.103
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Macular pigment and ocular biometry.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16472837
|abstract=This study is designed to investigate the relationship between macular pigment optical density (MPOD) and ocular biometric parameters. The following details were recorded for 180 healthy subjects: demographic profile; best-corrected visual acuity; refractive status; ocular biometric parameters [axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth ([[ACD]]), lens thickness (LT) and vitreous chamber depth (VCD)]; ocular dominance; MPOD; serum lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z). The mean MPOD ( /-SD) was 0.307 (0.155) and 0.305 (0.149) in the right and left eyes, respectively. No demonstrable relationship was observed between MPOD and AL, [[ACD]] or VCD [AL: r=0.091, p=0.225; [[ACD]]: r=0.091, p=0.227; VCD: r=0.146, p=0.051]. There was a significant and inverse relationship between LT and MPOD (r=-0.204; p=0.008), which was attenuated to non-significance after correction for age and height (r=-0.058; p=0.466). This study fails to identify an association between MPOD and ocular biometric parameters. This is an important negative finding, which allows investigators to study MP, and its relationship with potentially important variables, without the need to correct for ocular biometric parameters.
|mesh-terms=* Adult
* Aging
* Biometry
* Cross-Sectional Studies
* Dominance, Ocular
* Eye
* Female
* Humans
* Linear Models
* Lutein
* Macula Lutea
* Male
* Middle Aged
* Psychophysics
* Retinal Pigments
* Xanthophylls
* Zeaxanthins

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1016/j.visres.2005.12.012
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Magnetic resonance imaging and Orbscan assessment of the anterior chamber.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16246773
|abstract=To evaluate the correlation between white-to-white (WTW) distance as assessed by Orbscan II (Bausch