Редактирование: Whole brain emulation (раздел)

==== Haptics ====

The haptic senses of touch, proprioception, and balance are crucial for performing skilled 
actions in real and virtual environments (Robles‐De‐La‐Torre, 2006).  
 
Tactile sensation relates both to the forces affecting the skin (and hair) and to how they are 
changing as objects or the body are moved. To simulate touch, stimuli collision detection is 
needed to calculate forces on the skin (and possibly deformations) as well as the vibrations 
when it is moved over a surface or exploring it with a hard object (Klatzky, Lederman et al., 
2003). To achieve realistic haptic rendering, updates in the kilohertz range may be necessary 
(Lin and Otaduy, 2005). In environments with deformable objects various nonlinearities in 
response and restitution have to be taken into account (Mahvash and Hayward, 2004). 
Proprioception, the sense of how far muscles and tendons are stretched (and by inference, 
limb location) is important for maintaining posture and orientation. Unlike the other senses, 
proprioceptive signals would be generated by the body model internally. Simulated Golgi 
organs, muscle spindles, and pulmonary stretch receptors would then convert body states 
into nerve impulses. 
 
The balance signals from the inner ear appears relatively simple to simulate, since it is only 
dependent on the fluid velocity and pressure in the semicircular channels (which can likely 
be assumed to be laminar and homogeneous) and gravity effects on the utricle and saccule. 
Compared to other senses, the computational demands are minuscule.  
 
Thermoreception could presumably be simulated by giving each object in the virtual 
environment a temperature, activating thermoreceptors in contact with the object. 
Nocireception (pain) would be simulated by activating the receptors in the presence of 
excessive forces or temperatures; the ability to experience pain from simulated inflammatory 
responses may be unnecessary verisimilitude.