Редактирование: CYP1A1 (раздел)

==Publications==

{{medline-entry
|title=A novel multifunctional skin care formulation with a unique blend of antipollution, brightening and antiaging active complexes.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31584241
|abstract=High demand on anti-aging skin care encourage the improvement and development of more personalized formulations with additional benefits for general skin health and age associated skin signs. The skin aging physical and biological phenotypes manifest differently between diverse ethnic populations. A highly polluted environment can be viewed as an extrinsic factor accelerating the skin aging process. To develop a unique formula with active complexes, having multifunctional effects for anti-pollution, brightening and anti-aging/barrier strengthening purposes with confirmed activities in vitro and ex vivo skin models, suitable for polluted skin. In vitro culture model with primary human skin cells, ex vivo studies with full-thickness human skin, melanocyte 3D coculture model, gene expression of epidermal and dermal genes, anti-glycation, proteasomal activity, melanin, and cytokine assays. In vitro and ex vivo studies clearly demonstrated that diglucosyl gallic acid (active A) and the formulation complex inhibited pollution mediated [[MMP1]] protein, [[CYP1A1]] gene expression, and IL-6 protein secretion, while caprylic/capric triglyceride, diacetyl boldine (active B) had anti-melanogenic effect in in vitro primary melanocyte monoculture and 3D spheroid model. Another active compound, acetyl dipeptide 1 cetyl ester (active D), significantly upregulated epidermal barrier genes (Aquaporin 3 [AQP3], Filaggrin [FLG], caspase 14, and keratin 10) in human primary keratinocytes. Interestingly, both acetyl dipeptide 1 cetyl ester (active D) and niacinamide (active C) improved dermal gene expression (fibrillin-1, Collagen type 1 alpha 1, Decorin, Lysyl oxidase-like 1) and, moreover, had significant anti-glycant and proteasomal promoter activity in human primary fibroblasts. Considering consumers need in heavily polluted areas, we developed a multipurpose formulation comprised of unique active complexes toward pollution, pollution induced inflammation, skin brightening, and antiaging concerns with beneficial results demonstrated by in vitro and ex vivo studies.

|keywords=* anti-wrinkle
* pigmentation
* pollution
* skin aging
* skin barrier
|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1111/jocd.13176
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Genome-wide scan identified genetic variants associated with skin aging in a Chinese female population.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31522824
|abstract=The progression of human skin aging has a strong genetic basis. However, recent studies have mainly focused on Caucasian populations and we have thus performed a genetic association study on skin aging signs in Han Chinese population. To investigate genetic risk factors in skin aging in Han Chinese female, we performed a genome-wide association study. We collected genotype data from 1534 Han Chinese female from Taizhou cohort and evaluated 15 skin aging phenotypes by using the validated skin aging SCINEXA™ score. Genetic associations were tested by linear and logistic regression analyses and adjusted for potential confounders. Six genomic regions significantly associated with a risk for skin aging were revealed : 6q24.2 (rs3804540, P=4.6×10 , additive model) with size of pigmented spots on forehead, 10q26.13 (rs4962295, P=1.9 ×10 , additive model) with wrinkles under eyes, 15q21.1 (rs28392847, P=1.6×10 , additive model) with crow's feet, 2p25.1 (rs191497052, P=5.5×10 , dominant model) with telangiectasia, 13q34 (rs3825460, P=3.7×10 , dominant model) with size of pigmented spots on cheeks and 16p13.11(rs76053540, P=5.0×10 , dominant model) with nasolabialfold. The signal on 15q21.1 was replicated in the meta-analysis with two independent Caucasian cohorts (P=8.6×10 ). We have also successfully replicated in our cohort an association between SNP rs1048943 of gene [[CYP1A1]] (P=7.1 × 10 ) and pigmented spots on cheeks previously described in Caucasian cohort. Our study has identified new genetic risk factors for signs of skin aging in the Han Chinese. This study suggests there are differences in genetic susceptibility to skin aging between Caucasians and the Han Chinese.
|mesh-terms=* Adult
* Aged
* Aged, 80 and over
* Asian Continental Ancestry Group
* Cheek
* Cohort Studies
* Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1
* European Continental Ancestry Group
* Female
* Genome-Wide Association Study
* Humans
* Middle Aged
* Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
* Risk Factors
* Skin Aging
* Skin Pigmentation
|keywords=* Candidate SNPs
* Chinese Han females
* GWAS
* Skin aging
|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.08.010
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Furanoflavones pongapin and lanceolatin B blocks the cell cycle and induce senescence in [[CYP1A1]]-overexpressing breast cancer cells.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30448188
|abstract=Expression of cytochrome P450-1A1 ([[CYP1A1]]) is suppressed under physiologic conditions but is induced (a) by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ([[PAH]]s) which can be metabolized by [[CYP1A1]] to carcinogens, and (b) in majority of breast cancers. Hence, phytochemicals or dietary flavonoids, if identified as [[CYP1A1]] inhibitors, may help in preventing [[PAH]]-mediated carcinogenesis and breast cancer. Herein, we have investigated the cancer chemopreventive potential of a flavonoid-rich Indian medicinal plant, Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre. Methanolic extract of its seeds inhibits [[CYP1A1]] in [[CYP1A1]]-overexpressing normal human HEK293 cells, with IC  of 0.6 µg/mL. Its secondary metabolites, the furanoflavonoids pongapin/lanceolatin B, inhibit [[CYP1A1]] with IC  of 20 nM. Although the furanochalcone pongamol inhibits [[CYP1A1]] with IC  of only 4.4 µM, a semisynthetic pyrazole-derivative P5b, has ∼10-fold improved potency (IC , 0.49 μM). Pongapin/lanceolatin B and the methanolic extract of P. pinnata seeds protect [[CYP1A1]]-overexpressing HEK293 cells from B[a]P-mediated toxicity. Remarkably, they also block the cell cycle of [[CYP1A1]]-overexpressing MCF-7 breast cancer cells, at the G -G  phase, repress cyclin D1 levels and induce cellular-senescence. Molecular modeling studies demonstrate the interaction pattern of pongapin/lanceolatin B with [[CYP1A1]]. The results strongly indicate the potential of methanolic seed-extract and pongapin/lanceolatin B for further development as cancer chemopreventive agents.
|mesh-terms=* Antineoplastic Agents
* Benzopyrans
* Breast Neoplasms
* Cell Cycle
* Cell Proliferation
* Cellular Senescence
* Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1
* Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
* Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
* Female
* Flavones
* Flow Cytometry
* Furans
* HEK293 Cells
* Humans
* MCF-7 Cells
* Models, Molecular
* Molecular Structure
* Structure-Activity Relationship
|keywords=* CYP1A1
* Cell cycle
* Furanoflavones
* Lanceolatin B
* Pongapin
* Senescence
|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1016/j.bmc.2018.11.013
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Cell type-specific expression and localization of cytochrome P450 isoforms in tridimensional aggregating rat brain cell cultures.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25795400
|abstract=Within the Predict-IV FP7 project a strategy for measurement of in vitro biokinetics was developed, requiring the characterization of the cellular model used, especially regarding biotransformation, which frequently depends on cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity. The extrahepatic in situ CYP-mediated metabolism is especially relevant in target organ toxicity. In this study, the constitutive mRNA levels and protein localization of different CYP isoforms were investigated in 3D aggregating brain cell cultures. [[CYP1A1]], CYP2B1/B2, CYP2D2/4, [[CYP2E1]] and CYP3A were expressed; [[CYP1A1]] and 2B1 represented almost 80% of the total mRNA content. Double-immunolabeling revealed their presence in astrocytes, in neurons, and to a minor extent in oligodendrocytes, confirming the cell-specific localization of CYPs in the brain. These results together with the recently reported formation of an amiodarone metabolite following repeated exposure suggest that this cell culture system possesses some metabolic potential, most likely contributing to its high performance in neurotoxicological studies and support the use of this model in studying brain neurotoxicity involving mechanisms of toxication/detoxication. 
|mesh-terms=* Aging
* Animals
* Brain
* Cells, Cultured
* Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
* Embryo, Mammalian
* Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
* Hepatocytes
* Isoenzymes
* Neurons
* Protein Transport
* Rats
|keywords=* 3D aggregating brain cell cultures
* Biokinetics
* Cytochrome P450
|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1016/j.tiv.2015.03.005
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Androgen-mediated down-regulation of CYP1A subfamily genes in the pig liver.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20713500
|abstract=In Meishan and Landrace pigs, sex differences in the constitutive expression of hepatic cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) subfamily enzymes were examined in terms of their mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity. All the results from the real-time RT-PCR, western blotting, and enzyme assays for CYP1A subfamily enzymes indicated that, in 5-month-old Meishan pigs, the expression levels of [[CYP1A1]] and [[CYP1A2]] in males were significantly low as compared with those in females. In contrast, there were no such significant sex differences in Landrace pigs. Castration of male Meishan pigs led to a female-type expression of the CYP1A subfamily enzymes, whereas no such effect was observed in male Landrace pigs after castration. In both breeds of pigs, the administration of testosterone propionate to the females and castrated males led to marked decreases in the expression levels of mRNAs and proteins in the CYP1A subfamily enzymes, and also in their enzyme activities. Furthermore, the correlation analyses between the serum testosterone level and the gene expression levels of CYP1A subfamily enzymes in different sex-matured (1-5-month-old) male pigs revealed that the clear decrease in expression levels of hepatic CYP1A subfamily enzymes occurred at concentrations of more than 33 ng/ml of serum testosterone. Incidentally, the mean concentrations of serum testosterone in 5-month-old Landrace and Meishan pigs were around 18 and 50 ng/ml respectively. In conclusion, we demonstrated for the first time that the serum testosterone level is one of the physiological factors which regulate constitutive expression of hepatic [[CYP1A1]] and [[CYP1A2]] in pigs.
|mesh-terms=* Aging
* Androgens
* Animals
* Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1
* Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2
* Down-Regulation
* Female
* Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
* Male
* Microsomes, Liver
* Multigene Family
* RNA, Messenger
* Sex Characteristics
* Swine
* Testosterone Propionate

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1677/JOE-10-0160
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Age-related changes in hepatic expression and activity of cytochrome P450 in male rats.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20130842
|abstract=Age-related changes in hepatic expression and activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) were investigated in male rats aged 3 (weanling), 12 (young), 26 (adult), and 104 (old) weeks. Levels of microsomal protein, total CYP, and cytochrome b(5) increased fully after puberty. [[CYP1A1]] was detected only in 3-week-old rats, and [[CYP1A2]], CYP2B1, and [[CYP2E1]] were maximally expressed at 3 weeks but decreased at 12 and 26 weeks. CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 increased markedly after puberty and decreased with aging. Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, methoxyresorufin-O-demethylase, pentoxyresorufin-O-depenthylase, and p-nitrophenol hydroxylase activities were at their highest in 3-week-old rats, and midazolam hydroxylase activity was at a maximum in 12-week-old rats but decreased with aging. The present results show that increasing age caused significant alterations in hepatic expression/activity of CYP isoforms in an isoform-specific manner. These results suggest that age-related changes in hepatic CYP isoforms may be an important factor for deciding the efficacy and safety of xenobiotics.
|mesh-terms=* Aging
* Animals
* Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases
* Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1
* Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2
* Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1
* Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1
* Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A
* Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
* Cytochrome P450 Family 2
* Isoenzymes
* Liver
* Male
* Membrane Proteins
* Microsomes, Liver
* Rats
* Rats, Sprague-Dawley
* Steroid 16-alpha-Hydroxylase

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1007/s00204-010-0520-1
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Growth and transcriptional effect of dietary 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47) exposure in developing zebrafish (Danio rerio).
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20074802
|abstract=In this study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) were fed food dosed with pure PBDE-47 (2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether) congener or a blank from 20 to 60 day post-hatch (dph). At 38 dph, half of the fish were sampled for body size measurements and gene expression analyzes ([[CYP1A1]], VTG, [[TTR]], D1, and TSH-beta). At 60 dph, body size was measured again for all fish remaining. Whole-fish histology was performed and the PBDE levels in fish were determined. PBDE treated fish was significantly smaller at 38 dph but not at 60 dph. No apparent histopathological effect was observed. In the PBDE treated fish, there was a weak induction of [[CYP1A1]] mRNA transcription, but not of the other genes. The tissue levels of PBDE-47 were comparable to that found in other wild fish reported in the literature, indicating that our exposure level was ecologically relevant.
|mesh-terms=* Animal Feed
* Animals
* Body Size
* Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1
* Female
* Gene Expression Profiling
* Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
* Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers
* Life Cycle Stages
* Longevity
* Male
* RNA, Messenger
* Toxicity Tests
* Transcription, Genetic
* Water Pollutants, Chemical
* Zebrafish

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.12.033
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Persistence in alterations in the ontogeny of cerebral and hepatic cytochrome P450s following prenatal exposure to low doses of lindane.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17984293
|abstract=Oral administration of low doses (0.0625, 0.125, or 0.25 mg/kg body weight, po, corresponding to 1/1400th, 1/700th, or 1/350th of LD(50), respectively) of lindane, an organochlorine insecticide, to pregnant dams from gestation day 5-21 was found to produce dose-dependent alterations in the ontogenic profile of xenobiotic-metabolizing cytochrome P450s (CYPs) in the brain and liver of offspring. The increase in the cerebral and hepatic mRNA expression of [[CYP1A1]], 1A2, 2B1, 2B2, and 2E1 was also found to be associated with an increase in the catalytic activity of these CYP isoenzymes in the brain and liver of the offspring at different stages during postnatal development. Interestingly, though the levels of CYPs were severalfold lower in brain when compared to the liver, almost equal magnitude of induction in these CYPs in brain have suggested that like in the liver, brain CYPs are responsive to the transplacental induction by environmental chemicals and that the increase is transcriptionally regulated. Moreover, due to its lipophilic nature, lindane may partition in mother's milk leading to further exposure of the offspring during the critical period of neurodevelopment which may explain the increase in CYP mRNA expression and associated catalytic activity especially during the early postnatal period. Interestingly, the increase in mRNA expression of these CYP isoforms was found to persist up to adulthood, suggesting that the low doses of lindane administered to the dams might program the brain and liver of the offspring to persistently express the xenobiotic-metabolizing CYP isoforms. As CYP-dependent metabolism of lindane is involved in its neurobehavioral toxicity, the potential of lindane to imprint the expression of cerebral and hepatic CYPs may help in identifying the role of these enzymes in the developmental neurotoxicity of the pesticide.
|mesh-terms=* Aging
* Animals
* Cerebral Cortex
* Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
* Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
* Environmental Pollutants
* Enzyme Induction
* Female
* Gestational Age
* Hexachlorocyclohexane
* Isoenzymes
* Liver
* Male
* Microsomes
* Pregnancy
* Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
* Rats
* Rats, Wistar
* Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1093/toxsci/kfm269
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Metabolism of a heterocyclic amine colon carcinogen in young and old rats.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17251306
|abstract=The incidence of colon cancer increases with age, and this may be related to altered metabolism and disposition of carcinogens. One such carcinogen implicated in colon cancer is the heterocyclic amine found in well done meat, 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ). The purpose of these studies was to determine whether the disposition and metabolism of IQ changes with age, comparing young (3-month) and old (22- to 24-month) male F344 rats. Animals were treated with vehicle or beta-naphthoflavone (BNF), an inducer of drug-metabolizing cytochromes P450. Disposition and metabolism of IQ were determined after i.p. injection of radiolabeled IQ. Urinary IQ metabolites were identified and quantitated by high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy. In BNF-treated animals, total radiolabeled IQ excretion by old rats was less than half that of young rats. Binding of radiolabeled IQ metabolites by the old kidney was 10 times higher than that of the young. There were no age differences in intestinal and hepatic binding. There was a significant age-related increase in IQ conjugation to glucuronic acid and a decrease in conjugation to sulfate regardless of treatment. The induction of renal [[CYP1A1]], a major P450 involved in IQ metabolism, by BNF did not change with age. Changes in IQ metabolism with age along with altered renal function may contribute to the decreased urinary excretion and increased renal binding of IQ and/or its metabolites seen in the old animals.
|mesh-terms=* Aging
* Animals
* Biotransformation
* Carbon Radioisotopes
* Carcinogens
* Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
* Colonic Neoplasms
* Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
* Enzyme Induction
* Glucuronides
* Injections, Intraperitoneal
* Intestines
* Kidney
* Liver
* Male
* Molecular Structure
* Quinolines
* Rats
* Rats, Inbred F344
* Sulfuric Acid Esters
* Tandem Mass Spectrometry
* beta-Naphthoflavone

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1124/dmd.106.013532
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Effects of nonylphenol on juveniles and adults in the grey mullet, Liza aurata.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16919910
|abstract=The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of nonylphenol (NP), an environmental pollutant known to have estrogenic activity, on grey mullets. Juvenile and adult physiology was monitored by the expression of vitellogenin (VTG), which is commonly induced by estrogenic pollutants, and cytochrome P4501A1([[CYP1A1]]) as a first signal of detoxification. The dose-response estrogenic effects of NP (25, 100, 1000 microg/l) on hepatic VTG transcript and plasma protein levels, as well as on [[CYP1A1]] transcription and its associated ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity, were assessed in juvenile Liza aurata; 17beta-estradiol (E2; 2 microg/l) treatment for 1 week served as positive control. In addition, we investigated VTG and [[CYP1A1]] expression in adult males injected with two NP at 0.25 or 250 mg/kg body weight relative to 0.07 mg/kg of E2 as a positive control. Juvenile exposure to NP failed to induce a measurable VTG response. In the adult fish, NP exerted estrogenic effects only at the highest dose injected. E2 treatment elicited VTG induction only in adults in a time-related manner. In contrast, NP treatment induced a dose-dependent decrease in [[CYP1A1]] response in both juveniles and adults. An inhibitory effect of E2 on [[CYP1A1]] was evident in all treatment groups as well. These data suggest that, in biomonitoring studies, testing the expression of different biomarkers may provide a more realistic picture of the environmental conditions.
|mesh-terms=* Aging
* Amino Acid Sequence
* Animals
* Biomarkers
* Blotting, Southern
* Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1
* Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
* Environmental Monitoring
* Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
* Estradiol
* Liver
* Molecular Sequence Data
* Oxazines
* Phenols
* RNA, Messenger
* Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
* Smegmamorpha
* Vitellogenins
* Water Pollutants, Chemical

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1016/j.reprotox.2006.04.025
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=A model for predicting age at menopause in white women.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16595226
|abstract=To develop a model to predict the age at natural menopause and the risk for premenopausal hysterectomy. Cross-sectional study. Multicenter study. A total of 1,345 white women. Ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of seven estrogen (E)-metabolizing genes (i.e., catechol-O-methyltransferase, 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, cytochrome P-450 [CYP] 17, [[CYP1A1]], [[CYP1B1]], CYP19, and E receptor [ER] alpha) were analyzed by sequencing-on-chip-technology. Patients' reproductive and medical histories were ascertained and correlated to genotypes. The model incorporates the number of full term pregnancies, the body mass index (BMI), a history of breast surgery, and the presence of CYP17 and [[CYP1B1]]-4 polymorphisms as well as the BMI to predict age at natural menopause and the risk for undergoing premenopausal hysterectomy. We present the first model to date, which can predict age at natural menopause and the risk for undergoing premenopausal hysterectomy based on genotype information and personal history.
|mesh-terms=* Aging
* Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases
* Body Mass Index
* Breast
* Cross-Sectional Studies
* Cytochrome P-450 CYP1B1
* Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
* Female
* Genotype
* Humans
* Hysterectomy
* Linear Models
* Medical Records
* Menopause
* Models, Biological
* Parity
* Polymorphism, Genetic
* Pregnancy
* Premenopause
* Risk Assessment
* Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.07.1300
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Age, gender and region-specific differences in drug metabolising enzymes in rat ocular tissues.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15967433
|abstract=Previously we have reported our analyses of cytochrome P450 (CYP) expression in rat ocular tissues and in our current study we have extended these analyses to the different stages of growth in both male and female rats. Additionally, we have examined the expression levels of the different conjugation enzymes, sulfotransferases (SULTs), UDP-glucuronosyl transferases (UGTs) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), in ocular tissues. In 5-week-old animals, the CYP genes, CYP2B2 and CYP3A1, were abundantly expressed in the lens, with higher [[CYP1A1]] expression detectable in the extra-lenticular tissues, of both genders. However, the expression of [[CYP1A2]] and [[CYP2E1]] in female ocular tissues was more extensive than in male. Moreover, in females the expression of the phenol-sulfating SULTs, ST1A1, ST1B1 and ST1C1, was more abundant in the extra-lenticular tissues, whereas the levels of the hydroxysteroid-sulfating SULTs, ST2A1 and ST2A5, predominated in the lens. The expression levels of the UGTs, [[UGT1A1]], [[UGT1A6]] and UGT2B1, were also higher in the female extra-lenticular tissues but the expression of the GSTA subfamily (GSTA1 and GSTA2) was very weak in the ocular tissues of both genders. The overall gene expression profiles were found to change with the age of the animals (from 3 to 8 weeks) and, in general, the expression levels of the CYPs and SULTs declined with age, whereas the levels of the UGTs and GSTs increased. These results demonstrate that the expression profiles of drug metabolising enzymes show both region- and gender-specific patterns in rat ocular tissues.
|mesh-terms=* Aging
* Animals
* Biotransformation
* Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
* Eye
* Female
* Gene Expression Profiling
* Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
* Glucuronosyltransferase
* Male
* Rats
* Rats, Sprague-Dawley
* Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
* Sex Characteristics
* Sulfotransferases

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1016/j.exer.2005.04.011
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Gene expression of drug metabolizing enzymes in adult and aged mouse liver: a modulation by immobilization stress.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15840432
|abstract=The role of stress in the regulation of enzymatic systems involved in the biotransformation of xenobiotics, as well as endogenous substrates in the liver was investigated using single immobilization stress as a model. Adult (3 months of age) and aged (26 months) C3H/a male mice were used. Cytochrome P450 1A1 and 1A2 ([[CYP1A1]] and CYP1A2), glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) mRNA levels in the mouse liver were measured by a semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. Excluding [[CYP1A1]], experiments revealed significant differences in the expression of these genes between adult- and aged-control animals. The influence of stress on the expression of genes studied was shown to be higher in adult mice than in aged ones. Our results clearly demonstrate the lack of response or even the attenuation of gene expression in aged animals that may play an important role in age-related pathologies and diseases.
|mesh-terms=* Aging
* Animals
* Disease Models, Animal
* Gene Expression
* Inactivation, Metabolic
* Liver
* Male
* Mice
* Mice, Inbred C3H
* RNA, Messenger
* Restraint, Physical
* Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
* Stress, Psychological

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1016/j.tox.2005.01.018
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Expression patterns of mouse and human CYP orthologs (families 1-4) during development and in different adult tissues.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15752708
|abstract=The present study compared the relative expression pattern of 10 orthologous CYP forms from families 1-4 in cDNA panels of human and mouse fetal and adult tissues. Except for [[CYP1A2]], all of these CYPs exhibited specific patterns of expression during mouse ontogeny, suggesting possible involvement in development. Cyp1a1 and Cyp2r1 were the only two of the orthologs to be expressed only in the E7 mouse; Cyp2s1 was expressed in all stages, including E7, while Cyp2e1 appeared only at E17. Highest expression of the individual CYPs in the different late term human fetal tissues was: thymus, [[CYP1B1]] and [[CYP2U1]]; liver, CYP2E1; brain, [[CYP2R1]], [[CYP1A1]] and CYP4X1; and lung, [[CYP4B1]] and [[CYP2W1]]. In general, the level of individual human CYP transcripts was lower in the fetal than the corresponding adult tissues. The pattern of expression in adult mouse and human tissues was fairly similar for [[CYP1A1]], [[CYP1A2]], [[CYP1B1]], [[CYP2S1]], and [[CYP2U1]] orthologs.
|mesh-terms=* Adult
* Aging
* Animals
* Base Sequence
* Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
* DNA, Complementary
* Embryo, Mammalian
* Gene Expression Profiling
* Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
* Humans
* Mice
* Organ Specificity

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1016/j.abb.2005.02.001
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Phenacetin and chlorzoxazone biotransformation in aging male Fischer 344 rats.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15231049
|abstract=We evaluated the role of specific isoforms in the biotransformation of phenacetin and chlorzoxazone and examined the effect of age on these reactions using liver microsomes from Fischer 344 rats between 3 and 26 months of age. Using rat cDNA-expressed cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, we found that phenacetin biotransformation was primarily mediated by CYP2C6 and CYP1A isoforms, while chlorzoxazone biotransformation was largely mediated by [[CYP2E1]] and [[CYP1A1]]. Incubations with liver microsomes prepared from rats of varying ages demonstrated that both phenacetin and chlorzoxazone biotransformation declined with age. Metabolite formation rates in the old rats (25-26 months) were reduced by approximately 60-70% for these reactions. This study suggests that the activity of CYP2E and CYP1A enzymes decline with age in the rat liver. Also, the relative specificity of the index substrates phenacetin (for CYP1A2) and chlorzoxazone (for [[CYP2E1]]) in man appears not to be applicable in rats.
|mesh-terms=* Aging
* Animals
* Biotransformation
* Chlorzoxazone
* Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
* Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
* In Vitro Techniques
* Isoenzymes
* Male
* Microsomes, Liver
* Phenacetin
* Rats
* Rats, Inbred F344

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1211/0022357023529
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Polymorphic metabolic susceptibility genes and longevity: a study in octogonarians.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15177664
|abstract=In order to investigate possible associations of genetic variants in genes of xenobiotic metabolism with longevity, we compared allele frequencies and genotype distributions of polymorphic genes between 205 octogenarians and a non-cancer reference group of 294 persons aged less than 80 years. We analyzed common sequence variations in the cytochrome P-450 genes [[CYP1A1]] T461N, 3801 T > C and [[CYP1B1]] V432L, and in the glutathione S-transferase genes [[GSTM1]] (deletion), [[GSTT1]] (deletion), and [[GSTP1]] (I105V). In octogenarians, the [[CYP1B1]] 432L allele was less prevalent than in the reference group (allele frequency 0.49 versus 0.60; odds ratio, OR, 0.63, 95% confidence limits (CI) 0.40-1.00). Octogenarians turned out to have marginally significant more [[GSTM1]] negatives (frequency 0.56 versus 0.48; OR 1.41, 95% CI 0.97-2.05), but less [[GSTT1]] deficient genotypes (frequency 0.14 versus 0.21; OR 0.64; 95% CI 0.38-1.06). In octogenarians without cancer, [[GSTT1]] negative carriers were less prevalent than in the aged with cancer (frequency 0.12 versus 0.27; OR 2.81; 95% CI 1.00-7.38). Polymorphic metabolic susceptibility genes could become relevant for processes of aging when toxic defense mechanisms decline.
|mesh-terms=* Adolescent
* Adult
* Aged
* Aged, 80 and over
* Alleles
* Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases
* Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1
* Cytochrome P-450 CYP1B1
* DNA
* Female
* Genetic Predisposition to Disease
* Genetic Variation
* Germany
* Glutathione Transferase
* Humans
* Longevity
* Male
* Middle Aged
* Neoplasms
* Polymerase Chain Reaction
* Polymorphism, Genetic

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.01.025
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Posttranscriptional silencing of cytochrome P4501A1 ([[CYP1A1]]) during zebrafish (Danio rerio) development.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11748833
|abstract=Induction patterns of cytochrome P4501A1 ([[CYP1A1]]), an early biochemical marker of exposure to the environmental toxicant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, or dioxin) were investigated during zebrafish (Danio rerio) development. A zebrafish [[CYP1A1]] cDNA fragment was cloned and used to detect [[CYP1A1]] mRNA in embryos exposed to TCDD (1 or 10 nM). Induction of [[CYP1A1]] activity was dependent on age and state of hatch. [[CYP1A1]] mRNA was observed by 15 hr postfertilization. [[CYP1A1]] protein and monooxygenase activity were not detected until 3 days postfertilization and after hatch, as determined by Western immunoblot analysis and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity, respectively. In contrast to embryos, concomitant induction of mRNA and activity was detected in juvenile zebrafish (3 days posthatch) after 6 hr of TCDD exposure. Asynchronous induction of [[CYP1A1]] mRNA and activity during development may be a general regulatory mechanism, as similar ontogenetic expression of this gene was demonstrated in mouse embryos. To our knowledge, this is the first report of [[CYP1A1]] posttranscriptional silencing during embryogenesis. Our data suggest that TCDD-mediated induction of [[CYP1A1]] activity is regulated differentially in developing and mature systems.
|mesh-terms=* Aging
* Animals
* Base Sequence
* Cloning, Molecular
* Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1
* Embryo, Nonmammalian
* Environmental Pollutants
* Gene Expression Regulation
* Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
* Gene Silencing
* Molecular Sequence Data
* Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins
* RNA, Messenger
* Transcription, Genetic
* Zebrafish

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1002/dvdy.1215
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Detailed characterization of experimentally derived human hepatic [[CYP1A1]] activity and expression using differential inhibition of ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation by fluvoxamine.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11599655
|abstract=To characterize the distribution of mathematically derived human hepatic [[CYP1A1]] activity using differential inhibition of ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation (EROD) by fluvoxamine. Quantitative [[CYP1A1]]- and [[CYP1A2]]-mediated EROD activities were determined in 42 human livers using differential inhibition of EROD by fluvoxamine. [[CYP1A2]]-specific activity was also measured by phenacetin O-deethylation and caffeine 3-demethylation. Distributions of [[CYP1A1]]-mediated EROD and CYP1-A2 probe activities were analyzed using cumulative distribution (probit) plots and the Kolgomorov-Smirnov test. Age effect on [[CYP1A1]]- and [[CYP1A2]]-mediated EROD activities was evaluated using descriptive statistics and analysis of variance. The derived [[CYP1A1]] protein concentration of 0.58  /- 1.04 pmol/mg was only 4% of the derived [[CYP1A2]]. Since [[CYP1A1]] is intrinsically far more active than [[CYP1A2]] in mediating EROD, contribution of [[CYP1A1]] to EROD represented approximately 25-40% of [[CYP1A2]] contribution. Three of the 42 livers exhibited no [[CYP1A1]]-mediated EROD. Approximately 8% of the individuals showed high [[CYP1A1]] activity phenotype based on cumulative distribution curve analysis. Hepatic [[CYP1A1]] activity was more variable than that of [[CYP1A2]]. The variance of [[CYP1A1]]-mediated EROD was significantly different from that of [[CYP1A2]], using the Kolgomorov-Smirnov statistical test. Even though not statistically significant, an age-related pattern in [[CYP1A1]]-mediated activity was identified: activity was high in the pre-puberty group, then decreased in the young/mature adult group and, finally, a slight increase was observed in old age. Distribution pattern in [[CYP1A1]]-mediated EROD suggests that the low derived [[CYP1A1]] expression is most likely induced rather than constitutive. [[CYP1A1]] activity deviates from log-normal distribution; the variations in hepatic [[CYP1A1]] activity may affect the conversion of procarcinogens to carcinogens. The age-related trend in [[CYP1A1]]-mediated EROD activity hints that [[CYP1A1]] responsiveness to inducers may change with age as well as with exposure to environmental inducers. These findings prompt (1) future genotyping studies to determine whether increased [[CYP1A1]] inducibility is a result of genetic factors and (2) studies to address whether [[CYP1A1]] inducibility changes with age.
|mesh-terms=* Aging
* Caffeine
* Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1
* Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2
* Enzyme Inhibitors
* Fluvoxamine
* Humans
* Isoenzymes
* Kinetics
* Microsomes, Liver
* Models, Statistical
* Molecular Probes
* Phenacetin
* Substrate Specificity

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1007/s002280100330
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Inducibility of hepatic CYP1A enzymes by 3-methylcholanthrene and isosafrole differs in male rats fed diets containing casein, soy protein isolate or whey from conception to adulthood.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11285323
|abstract=Hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A1 and 1A2 enzymes were studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats derived from 5-7 litters fed diets in which the protein source was casein, soy protein isolate or whey. At age 65 d, rats were gavaged with corn oil (vehicle), 40 mg/kg 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) or 75 mg/kg isosafrole (ISO). Hepatic expression of [[CYP1A1]] and [[CYP1A2]] mRNA, apoprotein and associated monooxygenase activities were measured 17 h later. No significant dietary effects were observed on basal expression of either enzyme. However, interactions between diet and the two inducers (3-MC and ISO) were observed in soy-fed rats for ethoxy- and methoxyresorufin O-dealkylase activity, [[CYP1A1]] and [[CYP1A2]] apoprotein and mRNA (P < 0.05). The level of induction of [[CYP1A1]] mRNA and apoprotein was lower in rats fed soy diets than in rats fed casein diets (P < 0.05), and the level of induced [[CYP1A2]] mRNA was lower in rats fed soy or whey (P < 0.05) after treatment with the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor-dependent inducer 3-MC. This was accompanied by a 50% reduction in constitutive levels of the Ah receptor in liver cytosol of soy-fed, relative to casein-fed rats, and a slightly smaller reduction in whey-fed rats. Expression of the Ah receptor correlated with 3-MC-inducibility of [[CYP1A1]] mRNA in rats fed the three diets. In contrast, in rats induced with ISO, which does not bind to the Ah receptor and induces CYP1As via different mechanisms than 3-MC, ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity and levels of [[CYP1A1]] apoprotein and mRNA were elevated to a greater degree in soy-fed than in casein- or whey-fed rats (P < 0.05). Moreover, after ISO treatment, induction of methoxyresorufin O-demethylase activity, [[CYP1A2]] apoprotein and mRNA levels was observed only in rats fed soy (P < 0.05). These data suggest potential effects of dietary protein source on metabolism of a wide variety of CYP1A substrates, including environmental and dietary carcinogens, many of which induce their own metabolism.
|mesh-terms=* Aging
* Animals
* Blotting, Northern
* Blotting, Western
* Caseins
* Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1
* Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2
* Cytosol
* Dietary Proteins
* Enzyme Induction
* Female
* Fertilization
* Liver
* Male
* Methylcholanthrene
* Milk Proteins
* Rats
* Rats, Sprague-Dawley
* Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon
* Safrole
* Soybean Proteins
* Whey Proteins

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1093/jn/131.4.1180
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Acute, short-term, and subchronic oral toxicity of 1,1,1-trichloroethane in rats.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11248149
|abstract=1,1,1-Trichloroethane (TRI) is a widely used solvent that has become a frequent contaminant of drinking water supplies in the U.S. There is very little information available on the potential for oral TRI to damage the liver or to alter its P450 metabolic capacity. Thus, a major objective of this investigation was to assess the acute, short-term, and subchronic hepatotoxicity of oral TRI. In the acute study, male Sprague-Dawley (S-D) rats were gavaged with 0, 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 g TRI/kg bw and killed 24 h later. No acute effects were apparent other than CNS depression. Other male S-D rats received 0, 0.5, 5, or 10 g TRI/kg po once daily for 5 consecutive days, rested for 2 days, and were dosed for 4 additional days. Groups of the animals were sacrificed for evaluation of hepatotoxicity 1, 5, and 12 days after initiation of the short-term experiment. This dosage regimen caused numerous fatalities at 5 and 10 g/kg, but no increases in serum enzymes or histopathological changes in the liver. For the subchronic study, male S-D rats were gavaged 5 times weekly with 0, 0.5, 2.5, or 5.0 g TRI/kg for 50 days. The 0 and 0.5 g/kg groups were dosed for 13 weeks. A substantial number of rats receiving 2.5 and 5.0 g/kg died, apparently due to effects of repeated, protracted CNS depression. There was evidence of slight hepatocytotoxicity at 10 g/kg, but no progression of injury nor appearance of adverse effects were seen during acute or short-term exposure. Ingestion of 0.5 g/kg over 13 weeks did not cause apparent CNS depression, body or organ weight changes, clinical chemistry abnormalities, histopathological changes in the liver, or fatalities. Additional experiments did reveal that 0.5 g/kg and higher doses induced hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450IIE1 ([[CYP2E1]]) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Induction of [[CYP2E1]] activity occurred sooner, but was of shorter duration than CYP2B1/2 induction. [[CYP1A1]] activity was not enhanced. In summary, 0.5 g/kg po was the acute, short-term, and subchronic NOAEL for TRI, for effects other than transient [[CYP2E1]] induction, under the conditions of this investigation. Oral TRI appears to have very limited capacity to induce P450s or to cause liver injury in male S-D rats, even when administered repeatedly by gavage in near-lethal or lethal dosages under conditions intended to maximize hepatic effects.
|mesh-terms=* Administration, Oral
* Alanine Transaminase
* Animals
* Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
* Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
* Enzyme Induction
* L-Iditol 2-Dehydrogenase
* Liver
* Longevity
* Male
* Microsomes, Liver
* Organ Size
* Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase
* Rats
* Rats, Sprague-Dawley
* Solvents
* Toxicity Tests
* Trichloroethanes
* Weight Gain

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1093/toxsci/60.2.363
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=A review of developmental aspects of cytochrome P450.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9853690
|abstract=This article surveys the development of human hepatic P450 cytochromes (CYPs) involved in xenobiotic metabolism from the fetus through the life span and explores possible clinical consequences of developmental issues. These hepatic P450 CYPs come "on line" at different times during fetal and infant development, and each one is discussed in that temporal sequence. [[CYP3A7]]. the major fetal hepatic cytochrome, is present during organogenesis, and it is involved in steroid metabolism. Variably expressed in some fetuses, [[CYP3A5]] is also present at significant levels in about half of all children. In adults, [[CYP3A4]] is the major functional member of the CYP3A subfamily. [[CYP1A1]] is also present during organogenesis, and it metabolizes exogenous toxins, some of which are procarcinogens. [[CYP2E1]] may be present in some second-trimester fetuses, and it may be involved in prenatal alcohol metabolism. After birth, hepatic [[CYP2D6]] and CYP2C8/9 and CYP2C18/19 become active. Both [[CYP2D6]] and [[CYP2C19]] have genetic polymorphisms that can bring about differing capacities to metabolize exogenous drugs, including psychotropic drugs. [[CYP1A2]] becomes active in the fourth to fifth postfetal months. It provides the best current examples of the importance of developmental changes in xenobiotic-metabolizing P450 CYPs through its metabolism of caffeine and theophylline in premature infants, neonates, and adolescents.
|mesh-terms=* Aging
* Animals
* Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
* Female
* Fetus
* Humans
* Liver
* Pregnancy
* Xenobiotics

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1089/cap.1998.8.161
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Delayed ontogenesis of [[CYP1A2]] in the human liver.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9490065
|abstract=The ontogenesis of CYP1A proteins was investigated in a human liver bank composed of fetal, neonatal and adult samples. In immunoblots, a polyclonal antibody raised against rat [[CYP1A1]], cross-reacted with cDNA-expressed human [[CYP1A1]] and [[CYP1A2]]. In adult liver microsomes, this antibody reacted with a single band identified as the [[CYP1A2]] protein, while no [[CYP1A1]] could be detected. [[CYP1A2]] protein was absent in microsomes prepared from fetal and neonatal livers and its levels increased in infants aged 1-3 months to attain 50% of the adult value at one year. Enzymatic activities supported by CYP1A proteins were assayed on these samples. Methoxyresorufin demethylase supported by the [[CYP1A2]] recombinant protein followed the same ontogenic profile as the [[CYP1A2]] protein. In liver microsomes, the demethylation of imipramine was essentially due to [[CYP1A2]] and to a smaller extent to CYP3A. In fetuses and early neonates, CYP3A proteins were responsible for the low demethylation of imipramine (3-4% of the adult activity) before the onset of [[CYP1A2]] and the subsequent rise of activity. Immunodetection and enzymatic activities were consistent with the absence of [[CYP1A1]] and the late expression of [[CYP1A2]] in the human liver, compared to the early rise of [[CYP3A4]], CYP2C, [[CYP2D6]], and [[CYP2E1]] proteins.
|mesh-terms=* Adult
* Aging
* Animals
* COS Cells
* Cell Line
* Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2
* Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
* Fetus
* Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
* Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
* Humans
* Infant
* Infant, Newborn
* Liver
* Microsomes, Liver
* Rats
* Recombinant Proteins
* Substrate Specificity
* Transfection

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1046/j.1432-1327.1998.2510893.x
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Relationship between plasma concentrations of beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol and life-style factors and levels of DNA adducts in lymphocytes.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8970185
|abstract=beta-Carotene and alpha-tocopherol have been thought to reduce risk of lung cancer. Whether beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol influence human DNA adducts, indicators of biologically effective doses of carcinogens, has been seldom studied. In this cross-sectional study, we measured plasma beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol in 192 healthy men and DNA adducts in lymphocytes in 104 of the subjects. Because genetic polymorphism of cytochrome P-4501A1 ([[CYP1A1]]) and glutathione S-transferase M1 ([[GSTM1]]) has been associated with interference in formation of reactive intermediates and detoxification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, we also obtained data concerning genetic polymorphism of [[CYP1A1]] and [[GSTM1]]. In multiple regression analysis, parameters such as alcohol consumed per day, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, Quetelet index, and cigarettes smoked per day were correlated inversely, whereas age, plasma alpha-tocopherol, and intake frequency of fruits were correlated positively with plasma beta-carotene concentration. DNA adduct levels of high plasma beta-carotene or alpha-tocopherol groups were not significantly different from the DNA adduct levels of low plasma beta-carotene or alpha-tocopherol groups among current smokers or nonsmokers. In variant states of [[CYP1A1]] or [[GSTM1]] polymorphism, after controlling for effect of cigarettes smoked per day, no significant correlation was found between plasma beta-carotene or alpha-tocopherol and DNA adduct levels. These results indicated that alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and plasma alpha-tocopherol have a close relationship with plasma beta-carotene. The plasma beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol were not likely to influence the level of DNA adducts in lymphocytes.
|mesh-terms=* Adolescent
* Adult
* Aging
* Alcohol Drinking
* Cholesterol, HDL
* Cross-Sectional Studies
* Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1
* DNA Adducts
* Fruit
* Glutathione Transferase
* Humans
* Life Style
* Lymphocytes
* Male
* Middle Aged
* Polymorphism, Genetic
* Regression Analysis
* Smoking
* Vitamin E
* beta Carotene

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1080/01635589709514504
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Drug metabolic enzymes in developmental toxicology.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8954747
|abstract=Although much is known about the metabolism of environmental toxicants in adult organisms, little information exists on the role of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes during development. The developing organism is remarkably dynamic, presenting a constantly changing metabolic profile as various enzyme systems are activated or repressed. This may explain the markedly different sensitivities to various toxicants that are exhibited throughout the developmental period. The application of molecular biological methods has provided important information on the roles of these enzymes in modulating the response of the developing organism to toxicological exposures. The first talk will focus on the identification and role of CYPs during early organogenesis, particularly on how these enzymes influence the response of the conceptus and early embryo to toxic chemicals. The second presentation will discuss the identification of CYPs expressed during human development, as many of the enzymes present in adults are not expressed in the fetus. The third speaker will discuss the developmental consequences of loss of expression of particular metabolic enzymes, focusing on recent studies employing knockout mice to examine the role of drug metabolic enzymes during development. The last two talks will discuss some of the short- and long-term consequences of in utero exposures to toxic chemicals and the role of CYP in modulating the toxic response of the developing organism. The first of these will focus on the role of [[CYP2E1]] in human fetuses during late gestation and the response of this enzyme to inducing agents such as alcohol. The last talk will discuss the role of [[CYP1A1]] in the activation of the Ki-ras oncogene following in utero exposure to carcinogens as a mechanism for lung tumor formation in a pharmacogenetic mouse model.
|mesh-terms=* Aging
* Animals
* Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
* Embryonic and Fetal Development
* Environmental Pollutants
* Female
* Humans
* Male
* Mice
* Pregnancy
* Teratogens

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1006/faat.1996.0187
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Effects of phenobarbital, dexamethasone, and 3-methylcholanthrene administration on the metabolism of 17 beta-estradiol by liver microsomes from female rats.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8593816
|abstract=Female rats were treated with phenobarbital, dexamethasone, 3-methylcholanthrene, clofibrate, or isoniazid to induce different hepatic cytochromes P-450. The profile of hydroxylated metabolites of estradiol (E2) formed by liver microsomes was then determined using a new HPLC method for the separation of hydroxylated estrogen metabolites. Inhibition of liver microsomal E2 metabolism by monoclonal antibodies raised against specific cytochrome P-450 isozymes was also evaluated. Treatment of immature or adult female rats with phenobarbital caused a 3-fold increase in the 2-hydroxylation of E2 and a more than 5-fold increase in liver microsomal hydroxylation of E2 at the 4-, 6 alpha, 6 beta-, and 14 alpha-positions. Monoclonal antibody directed toward CYP2B1/2B2 completely inhibited the 6 alpha- and 6 beta-hydroxylation of E2 and partially inhibited the 2-hydroxylation of E2 by liver microsomes from phenobarbital-treated adult female rats. Antibodies directed toward CYP3A1/3A2 completely inhibited the 4- and 14 alpha-hydroxylation of E2 by these liver microsomes. Treatment of immature or adult female rats with dexamethasone resulted in a 2- to 3-fold increase in the microsomal 2-hydroxylation of E2 and a several-fold increase in the hydroxylation of E2 at the 4-, 6 beta-, 7 alpha-, and 14 alpha-positions. A substantial increase in the formation of two unidentified nonpolar metabolite peaks (UK1 and UK2) was also observed. A monoclonal antibody directed against CYP3A1/3A2 markedly inhibited the 2-, 4-, and 14 alpha-hydroxylation of E2 by liver microsomes from adult female rats treated with dexamethasone. Antibody directed against CYP2B1/2B2 inhibited only the 6 beta-hydroxylation of E2 by these microsomes. Treatment of immature or adult female rats with 3-methylcholanthrene resulted in a several-fold increase in the metabolism of E2 to 7 alpha-hydroxyestradiol (7 alpha-OH E2) and 15 alpha-OH E2, but there was a substantial decrease in the formation of 16 alpha-OH E2. Treatment with 3-methylcholanthrene caused a small increase in 2-hydroxylation (< or = 50%) in liver microsomes from immature or adult female rats, whereas a substantial increase in 6 alpha-hydroxylation was seen in liver microsomes from adult female rats. A monoclonal antibody directed toward [[CYP1A1]] partially inhibited the 6 alpha-hydroxylation of E2 and the formation of the 7 alpha-OH E2/15 alpha-OH E2 peak by microsomes from adult female rats treated with 3-methylcholanthrene, but the 2-hydroxylation of E2 was not inhibited. Treatment of adult female rats with clofibrate increased the 2- and 4-hydroxylation of E2 by about 2-fold and by more than 6-fold, respectively. Isoniazid treatment had little or no effect on the metabolism of E2. The data demonstrate that prototype inducers of cytochrome P-450 can substantially alter the profile of hepatic E2 metabolism in female rats. Our results suggest that inducers of environmental relevance may also have an impact on E2 metabolism and homeostasis in humans.
|mesh-terms=* Aging
* Animals
* Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
* Dexamethasone
* Enzyme Induction
* Estradiol
* Female
* Isoenzymes
* Methylcholanthrene
* Microsomes, Liver
* Phenobarbital
* Rats
* Rats, Inbred Strains

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1210/endo.137.2.8593816
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Marked endogenous activation of the [[CYP1A1]] and [[CYP1A2]] genes in the congenitally jaundiced Gunn rat.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8502229
|abstract=The homozygous recessive jaundiced Gunn rat lacks expression of bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and serves as a model for Crigler-Najjar syndrome type I, in which high and toxic plasma levels of bilirubin result from this genetic defect in bilirubin conjugation. Both rats and humans dispose of this heme waste product by an alternate metabolic route that involves oxidation of the compound, followed by biliary excretion of the more polar metabolites. To determine the role of cytochrome P450 in this process, hepatic levels of cytochrome P450 mRNA and protein were measured in jaundiced and nonjaundiced Gunn rats as a function of age and sex. The mRNA and protein levels of cytochrome P450(CYP) 1A1 and [[CYP1A2]] were markedly elevated in the jaundiced rats at the age of 10 days, compared with their nonjaundiced littermates. Levels of [[CYP2E1]] mRNA and protein did not differ between these rats, indicating that the CYP1A P450 genes were specifically induced. [[CYP1A1]] mRNA and protein levels increased further in the jaundiced animals between 10 days and 1 month of postnatal life but remained undetectable in the nonjaundiced littermates. On the other hand, [[CYP1A2]] mRNA and protein content increased during this time period in both jaundiced and nonjaundiced rats, but at the age of 1 month there were no major differences between the two groups. [[CYP1A2]] mRNA and protein levels were indistinguishable in 3-month-old jaundiced and nonjaundiced Gunn rats, whereas [[CYP1A1]] could not be detected in either group. These data suggest that young jaundiced Gunn rats cope with the degradation of toxic bilirubin by increasing hepatic levels of [[CYP1A1]] and [[CYP1A2]]. On the other hand, normal developmental activation of [[CYP1A2]] may provide the alternative pathway for bilirubin degradation in adult animals. This is the first demonstration of the induction of cytochrome P450 gene expression to permit the elimination of an endogenously generated neurotoxic chemical in a genetic disease in which the normal excretory mechanism is impaired.
|mesh-terms=* Aging
* Animals
* Crigler-Najjar Syndrome
* Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
* Disease Models, Animal
* Female
* Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
* Male
* Microsomes, Liver
* RNA, Messenger
* Rats
* Rats, Gunn


}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Ontogenetic development of the distribution of constitutive and 3-methylcholanthrene-induced [[CYP1A1]] and [[CYP1A2]] in rabbit liver.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8315282
|abstract=We investigated the expression, distribution, and inducibility of 3-methylcholanthrene (MC)-inducible P450 enzymes, [[CYP1A1]] and 1A2, in livers of rabbits at different stages of development, ranging from 4 days before birth (-4 days of age) to adulthood. These enzymes were identified by immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry and quantified by dot-blotting, utilizing previously characterized monoclonal antibodies, 107 and 3/4/2, specific for [[CYP1A2]] and both [[CYP1A1]] and 1A2, respectively, and a polyclonal antibody that recognizes both enzymes. Expression of [[CYP1A2]] is always greater than that of [[CYP1A1]] in livers of untreated rabbits, regardless of age. Moreover, immunocytochemistry showed that [[CYP1A1]] is evenly distributed throughout the liver at all ages, whereas [[CYP1A2]] is highly localized to only a few scattered cells at 1 day before birth. More hepatocytes express this enzyme perinatally. By 6 days of age, expression of [[CYP1A2]] is confined to a narrow band of centrilobular cells, but with increasing age the enzyme is expressed in more hepatocytes until weaning, when all hepatocytes are positive. Although [[CYP1A1]] is induced by MC treatment at most ages, there is no change in its distribution. In contrast, induction of [[CYP1A2]] was shown immunocytochemically to occur in only a limited number of hepatocytes in fetal rabbits. There is a progressive increase with age in the number of hepatocytes that are inducible for [[CYP1A2]]. The greatest fold-induction of hepatic [[CYP1A2]] by MC in the rabbit is a 9-11 days of age, when, for MC-treated rabbits, [[CYP1A2]] represents > 60% of the total P450 pool. The modulation of enzyme expression caused by MC treatment of fetuses/neonates leads to developmentally advanced livers with respect to P450 and could have a significant impact on the fetal and neonatal toxicity of some foreign compounds. These data demonstrate, for the first time, that the ontogenetic expression and localization of [[CYP1A1]] and 1A2 within the liver are differentially regulated at the level of the individual cell.
|mesh-terms=* Aging
* Animals
* Blotting, Western
* Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
* Enzyme Induction
* Female
* Isoenzymes
* Liver
* Male
* Methylcholanthrene
* Microsomes, Liver
* Rabbits

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1177/41.6.8315282
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) distribution and cytochrome P4501A induction in young adult and senescent male mice.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7725343
|abstract=While the developmental toxicology of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and its congeners has received considerable attention, the impact of advanced age on the biochemical effects and the pharmacokinetics of dioxins remains largely undetermined. In the present investigation, TCDD tissue distribution and cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) induction were characterized in male C57BL/6N mice aged 10 weeks and 28 months at 7 days after administration of single oral [3H]TCDD doses ranging from 0.015 to 15 microgram/kg body wt. Determinations of hepatic marker enzyme activities for [[CYP1A1]] (ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation, EROD) and 1A2 (acetanilide-4-hydroxylation, ACOH) indicated that the dose response curves for EROD induction by TCDD were nearly identical for the 2 age groups, but the ACOH induction response was greater in old mice. After receiving the 15 micrograms/kg dose, an increase (approximately 35%) in relative liver weight was observed 7 days after dosing in the 10-week mice, but not in the aged mice, and the hepatic concentration of TCDD was approximately 25% greater in young than old mice. No age difference was found in hepatic nuclear concentrations of TCDD. A dose-dependent increase in liver:fat tissue concentration ratios was noted at both ages, and adipose tissue and blood concentrations of TCDD did not vary significantly with age. In old mice however, TCDD concentrations in skin, kidney and muscle were all approximately twice those of young mice at the 15 micrograms/kg dose. These results suggest that advanced age may have differential effects on Ah receptor-mediated enzyme induction, while increased TCDD concentrations in certain tissues may have toxicological implications for older animals.
|mesh-terms=* Aging
* Animals
* Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases
* Body Weight
* Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1
* Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2
* Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
* Enzyme Induction
* Liver
* Male
* Mice
* Mice, Inbred C57BL
* Organ Size
* Oxidoreductases
* Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1016/0378-4274(94)03212-p
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Ethoxyresorufin and pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylation by hepatic microsomes from female Fischer 344 rats: effects of age and diet.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7731269
|abstract=Ethoxyresorufin (EROD) and pentoxyresorufin (PROD) O-dealkylase activities, and contributions of the P450 cytochromes [[CYP1A1]], CYP2B1 and 2, CYP2C6 and CYP2C12 to these metabolic activities, were evaluated in hepatic microsomes from ad libitum and calorie restricted female Fischer 344 rats across an age continuum from 1 to 26 months. The presence of CYP1A in microsome preparations was confirmed by western blot analysis. Uninduced levels of EROD and PROD peak in very young animals, decline to about 3 months of age, and do not exhibit an additional substantive decline after about 3 months of age. Monoclonal antibody (MAb) 1-7-1 (anti-CYP1A) strongly inhibited EROD activity in all microsome preparations, with the highest levels of inhibition in microsomes from 1- and 3-month-old AL animals. PROD activity in 1-month uninduced animals was apparently not attributable solely to CYP2B1 and 2, since it was inhibited by about 30% in both 1- and 26-month-old AL rats by an MAb specific for CYP2C12. However, in CR rats, CYP2C12 did not contribute to PROD activity. Approximately 40% of PROD activity in old AL rats and 20% of PROD activity in old CR rats was inhibited by an MAb specific for CYP2C6. These data indicate that long-term calorie restriction modulates either the expression or post-translational modification patterns of constitutive P450 isozymes in rats as they age, with P450 patterns in calorie restricted rats more closely resembling those found in young animals.
|mesh-terms=* Aging
* Animals
* Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1
* Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1
* Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
* Energy Intake
* Female
* Microsomes, Liver
* Oxidoreductases
* Rats
* Rats, Inbred F344

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1016/0047-6374(94)90042-6
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Developmental expression of rabbit cytochrome P450 [[CYP1A1]], [[CYP1A2]] and CYP3A6 genes. Effect of weaning and rifampicin.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2015817
|abstract=Developmental expression of [[CYP1A1]], [[CYP1A2]] and CYP3A6 in the rabbit have been studied. Cytochromes P450IA1, P450IA2 and P450IIIA6 exhibited comparable patterns of developmental expression. Present at low level (less than 0.05 nmol/mg) in the new born animal up to week 3, these proteins sharply accumulated between weeks 3 and 4 to reach a maximum by week 4 (P450IA1, 0.2 nmol/mg; P450IA2, 0.8 nmol/mg; P450IIIA6, 0.12 nmol/mg) and decreased in the adult (P450IA1, 0.2 nmol/mg; P450IA2, 0.4 nmol/mg; P450IIIA6, 0.09 nmol/mg). Cytochromes P450IA1 and P450IA2 were not expressed in the untreated fetus. Onset of CYP3A6 gene expression occurred at day 30 of gestation and both transcription and mRNA accumulation were transplacentally inducible by rifampicin only shortly before birth, i.e. after treatment of the females between days 28 and 30 of gestation. Both long (1.85 kb) and short (1.7 kb) mRNA transcripts were expressed in untreated or rifampicin-treated fetuses. CYP3A6 gene expression was also induced by rifampicin in 1-week-old and 2-week-old animals. Developmental expression of [[CYP1A1]] and [[CYP1A2]] genes was shown to be closely related to the diet change accompanying weaning which occurs at weeks 3-4. In animals subjected to either delayed (week 6) or early (week 2) weaning, sharp accumulation of messages, proteins and related activities were delayed or anticipated accordingly with respect to normal weaning. Artificially scheduled weaning gave similar results when repeated with biological-grade lucern (grown in the absence of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, etc.), the main constituent of commercial rabbit chow. While CYP3A6 gene expression could be brought forward by early weaning at week 2, both message and protein did not exhibit increased accumulation after delayed weaning at week 6, and remained at the low level of the new born animal. Treatment of 1-week-old and 2-week-old animals with triiodothyronine or of 3-week-old animals with propylthiouracil, an antithyroid factor, did not modify the normal pattern of developmental expression of genes [[CYP1A1]], [[CYP1A2]] and CYP3A6. It is concluded that (a) the onset of CYP3A6 gene expression in the fetus occurs at day 30 of gestation, (b) expression of this gene may be induced transplacentally by rifampicin, (c) [[CYP1A1]], [[CYP1A2]] and CYP3A6 gene expression is sharply activated at weaning, and (d) thyroid hormones appear not to be responsible for the pattern of developmental expression of these genes in the rabbit.
|mesh-terms=* Aging
* Animals
* Animals, Newborn
* Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2
* Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
* Enzyme Induction
* Female
* Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
* Gestational Age
* Liver
* Maternal-Fetal Exchange
* Microsomes, Liver
* Oxidoreductases
* Pregnancy
* RNA, Messenger
* Rabbits
* Rifampin
* Transcription, Genetic
* Weaning

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb15893.x
}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Induction and developmental expression of cytochrome P450IA1 messenger RNA in rat and human tissues: detection by the polymerase chain reaction.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1694720
|abstract=The expression of cytochrome P450 genes directly within target cells is an important determinant of human susceptibility to cancers, birth defects, and other chemically initiated diseases. One pivotal gene, [[CYP1A1]], codes for an inducible cytochrome P450 isozyme (P450IA1) responsible for the bioactivation of numerous carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons and aromatic amines. In this study, we used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify endogenous P450IA1 mRNA transcripts in a variety of human and rat tissues from different stages of development. The PCR approach greatly enhanced detection sensitivities over those previously achieved and permitted characterization of constitutive as well as induced P450IA1 mRNA expression patterns in specific cell types and organs and during early gestational stages. P450IA1 mRNAs are expressed constitutively in the rat as early as day 15 of fetal liver development and increased in level with increasing developmental age. Transplacental treatment of fetal rats with 3-methylcholanthrene resulted in marked increases in P450IA1 mRNA levels, and responsiveness to the inducer also increased in concordance with developmental age. Comparatively lower constitutive and induced levels of the mRNA were detected in rat lung and kidney, but no P450IA1 mRNA was detected in the rat testis. PCR results obtained from experiments with human tissue samples demonstrated the presence of P450IA1 transcripts in whole organs, in purified cell fractions (lymphocytes, macrophages), and in fetuses as early as day 45 of human gestation. Data from cell culture studies indicated markedly higher levels of P450IA1 PCR product in human pulmonary alveolar macrophages following treatment with the inducing agent beta-naphthoflavone. These results underscore the potential role of P450IA1 as a key determinant of individual susceptibility to tissue-specific and developmentally related cancers associated with certain environmental chemical exposures.
|mesh-terms=* Aging
* Animals
* Base Sequence
* Blotting, Northern
* Blotting, Southern
* Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
* DNA
* Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
* Genes
* Isoenzymes
* Liver
* Methylcholanthrene
* Molecular Sequence Data
* Oligonucleotide Probes
* Organ Specificity
* Phenobarbital
* Polymerase Chain Reaction
* RNA
* RNA, Messenger
* Rats
* Rats, Inbred Strains
* Reference Values


}}
{{medline-entry
|title=Characterization of the rabbit [[CYP1A1]] and [[CYP1A2]] genes: developmental and dioxin-inducible expression of rabbit liver P4501A1 and P4501A2.
|pubmed-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1567227
|abstract=In adult rabbits, the [[CYP1A1]] and [[CYP1A2]] genes are expressed constitutively. Exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) leads to elevations in both [[CYP1A1]] and [[CYP1A2]] gene products (S. T. Okino et al., 1985, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 5310-5314). In this report, we have characterized the rabbit [[CYP1A1]] and [[CYP1A2]] genes, and analyzed the pattern of expression of these genes in neonatal animals following exposure to TCDD. Genomic clones encoding the entire rabbit [[CYP1A1]] and [[CYP1A2]] genes were characterized. Restriction enzyme analysis and partial DNA sequence analysis identified the seven exons for the [[CYP1A1]] and [[CYP1A2]] genes. Primer extension analysis using mRNA from TCDD-treated neonatal rabbits helped confirm the start of transcription for the CYP1A genes. The length of the noncoding first exon of the [[CYP1A1]] gene was 74 bases, compared to 90 and 88 bases for the human and rodent [[CYP1A1]] genes. The length of the noncoding [[CYP1A2]] gene first exon was 53 bases, similar to its counterpart in human and rodents. DNA sequence analysis of the 5' regulatory regions and comparison to the rodent and human CYP1 genes demonstrated that the rabbit [[CYP1A1]] and [[CYP1A2]] genes were most similar to their human orthologs. The 5' region of the [[CYP1A1]] gene contained several consensus dioxin (Ah)-receptor responsive elements (XREs), while no functional XRE sequences were identified in the [[CYP1A2]] gene. When expression of the two genes were monitored, a small amount of constitutive P4501A1 mRNA was detected in neonatal rabbits from the ages of 1 to 17 days, while P4501A2 mRNA levels could not be observed until 8-12 days postpartum. In response to TCDD treatment, P4501A1 mRNA levels were inducible at all neonatal time points, while P4501A2 mRNA levels could not be induced until the animals were 3-5 days postpartum. While the dioxin Ah-receptor most likely plays a major role in the induction of these genes by TCDD, early expression of the [[CYP1A1]] and [[CYP1A2]] genes is differentially regulated in a developmental fashion.
|mesh-terms=* Aging
* Animals
* Base Sequence
* Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2
* Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
* DNA
* Enzyme Induction
* Exons
* Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
* Humans
* Liver
* Molecular Sequence Data
* Oligodeoxyribonucleotides
* Oxidoreductases
* Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins
* RNA, Messenger
* Rabbits
* Restriction Mapping
* Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
* Software
* Transcription, Genetic

|full-text-url=https://sci-hub.do/10.1016/0003-9861(92)90745-i
}}