Редактирование: Grinders

'''Grinders''' are people who apply the hacker ethic to improve their own biological bodies with do-it-yourself cybernetic devices and self-mutations. Many grinders identify with the [[biopunk]] movement (also rarely admitted with cyberculture/cyberpunk movement as well and sometimes with postcyberpunk or cypherpunk movements), [[open source]] [[transhumanism]], and [[technoprogressivism]].

==Origins==
In role-playing games, 'grinding' is the practice of engaging in repetitive tasks to improve a character.  The 2007 comic series <i>[[Doktor Sleepless]]</i> by [[Warren Ellis]] compared this to the progression of DIY transhumanism. <ref>[http://sequart.org/magazine/39426/unfinished-apocalypse-doktor-sleepless/</ref>

==Biohacking==
A biohacker is a [[biopunk]] hobbyist who experiments with DNA and other aspects of [[genetics]]. <ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1988/01/31/playing-god-in-your-basement/618f174d-fc11-47b3-a8db-fae1b8340c67/</ref> <ref>http://genomealberta.ca/blogs/biohacking-101-tools-of-the-biopunk-trade.aspx</ref> A biohacker (or "wetware hacker") is similar to a computer hacker who creates and modifies software or computer hardware as a hobby, but should not be confused with a bioterrorist, whose sole intent is the deliberate release of viruses, bacteria, or other germs used to cause illness or death in people, animals, or plants (in the same way a computer hacker should not be confused with the more popular, yet erroneous, use of the term, describing someone who spreads computer viruses or breaks into computers systems for malicious purposes). <ref>https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12516984-100-forum-roses-are-black-violets-are-green-the-emergence-of-amateur-genetic-engineers/</ref>

Pat Mooney, executive director of ETC Group, is a critic of biohacking who argues that—using a laptop computer, published gene sequence information, and mail-order synthetic DNA—just about anyone has the potential to construct genes or entire genomes from scratch (including those of the lethal pathogens) in the near-future. He warns that the danger of this development is not just bio-terror, but "bio-error". <ref>http://openwetware.org/images/e/e4/Synbioreportweb.pdf</ref>

==See also==
* [[Biohack.me]]
* [[Grindhouse Wetware]]
* [[Grinding.be]]
* [[Doktor Sleepless]]
* [[Warren Ellis]]
* {{wikipedia|Grinder (biohacking)}}

==External links==
* {{wikipedia|Grinder (biohacking)}}
* {{wikipedia|Do-it-yourself biology}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grinder}}
[[Category:Self modification]]
[[Category:Biopunk]]
[[Category:Genetic engineering]]
[[Category:Transhumanism]]
[[Category:Hacker culture]]
[[Category:Subcultures]]