Редактирование: Eugenics

'''Eugenics''' refers to a variety of beliefs and practices seeking to improve the genetic quality of a human population.

Heavily criticized, its advocacy is typically based on [[junk science]] that overstates the role of hereditary traits in personal development and overlooks environmental and social factors, frequently to excuse classism and [[scientific racism]].

Many precursors to the modern [[transhumanism|transhumanist]] movement come from eugenics, including the origin of the word "transhumanism" itself.  A common [[criticism of transhumanism]] is the observation that many advocated positions, whether directed by authorities or by the combined effect of prejudice on individual choices, may constitute <i>de facto</i> eugenics.

== Practices ==

Techniques can typically be divided into '''positive eugenics''', which encourage reproduction among those with desirable traits, and '''negative eugenics''', which discourage those deemed "unfit" or undesirable.

=== Positive Eugenics ===

'''Positive eugenics''' 

=== Negative Eugenics ===

'''Negative eugenics'''

=== Liberal and New Eugenics ===

'''Liberal eugenics''', coined by [[Nicholas Agar]], attempts to address the issues of eugenic coercion, arguing from a position based on individual procreative freedom and parental choice, with state intervention only to prohibit choices deemed injurious to the child.

== History and Implementations ==

=== Ancient History ===

Very early philosophical precursors may be found in Plato's <i>Republic</i> c. 400 BCE, suggesting applying selective breeding practices.  Early Roman law mandated the infanticide of deformed children.

=== Development in the United Kingdom ===

=== Spread to North America and popular adoption ===

==== The Jukes family ====

==== The "Kallikak" family ====

In 1912, the movement was further advanced by the publication of <i>The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness</i> by Henry H. Goddard and its subsequent popularity.  The book portrays a falsified history of a family divided into "good" and "bad" branches to demonstrate the heredity of "feeble-mindedness."

In truth, the families were unrelated, and many of the portrayed deficiencies of the "bad" branch of the family were fabricated or heavily embellished, while non-hereditary factors such as nutrional deficiencies and fetal alcohol syndrome were ignored.

=== Nazi Germany ===

==== Anti-miscegenation ====

==== Sterilization of Afro-Germans ====

==== Aktion T4 ====

=== Chinese one-child policy ===

=== Peru ===

== Modern occurences ==

=== China ===

=== United States ===

==== California ====

Between 1997 and 2010, coercive sterilization was carried out on at least 148 female inmates in California prisons deemed to be at risk of reincarceration.<ref name="npr-ca-prison-sterilizations">[https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/07/09/200444613/californias-prison-sterilizations-reportedly-echoes-eugenics-era California's Prison Sterilizations Reportedly Echo Eugenics Era], Bill Chappel, <i>NPR</i>, July 09, 2013.</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Gattaca]]

==External Links==

* {{wikipedia|Eugenics}}
* [http://www.amazon.com/Babies-Design-Ethics-Genetic-Choice/dp/0300143087 "Babies by design: The ethics of genetic choice"] - 2008 book by Ronald Green

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Technology]]
[[Category:Eugenics]]
[[Category:Opposition to transhumanism]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience]]