Редактирование: Technological unemployment

'''Technological unemployment''' refers to the displacement of human workers from the job market in favour of some form of automated worker or technology.

== Jobs under threat from automation ==

Potential jobs under threat from automation range from manual and unskilled labour, to more complex roles such as in healthcare, law, and stock trading. 

According to a joint study conducted by Oxford University and the Oxford Martin School, “[…] 47 percent of jobs in the US are “at risk” of being automated in the next 20 years.” <ref>[https://futurism.com/1-the-answer-to-rising-industry-automation-could-be-universal-basic-income/ Here’s Why the Answer to Increasing Automation Could Be Universal Basic Income]</ref>

Below is a list of jobs currently facing threat of loss to automated technologies.

=== Accounting & Finance===

* As AI becomes more advanced, it will be more able to handle tasks such as filing people's taxes. <ref>[https://www.wired.com/2017/02/robots-will-soon-taxes-bye-bye-accounting-jobs/ Robots Will Soon Do Your Taxes. Bye-Bye, Accounting Jobs]</ref> 
* A Japanese firm named Fukoku Mutual Life Insurance layed off 34 employees and replaced them with an artificial intelligence (AI) system that can calculate insurance payouts. <ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38521403 Japanese insurance firm replaces 34 staff with AI]</ref>
* At JP Morgan, An AI named COIN has Completed 360,000 Hours of Finance Work in Just Seconds <ref>[https://futurism.com/an-ai-completed-360000-hours-of-finance-work-in-just-seconds/ An AI Completed 360,000 Hours of Finance Work in Just Seconds]</ref>
*Wall Street Traders could be under threat from [[Artificial intelligence|artificial intelligence]]. <ref>[http://www.globalfuturist.org/2017/04/wall-street-traders-are-getting-crushed-by-ai/ Wall Street Traders are Getting Crushed by AI]</ref>

=== Construction ===

* A new type of robot that lays brick is coming to the UK, putting thousands of jobs at risk. <ref>[https://futurism.com/this-robot-works-500-faster-than-humans-and-it-puts-thousands-of-jobs-at-risk/ This Robot Works 500% Faster Than Humans, and It Puts Thousands of Jobs at Risk]</ref>

* Recycled roads which require no maintenance, leading to fewer jobs in the public infrastructure sector. <ref>[https://futurism.com/videos/introducing-100-recycled-maintenance-free-roads/ Introducing 100% Recycled, Maintenance-Free Roads]</ref>

* In the past building a house could take weeks, or even months, new 3D printing technology is changing this. <ref>[http://www.globalfuturist.org/2017/03/housing-company-apis-cor-is-3d-printing-new-houses-in-a-day/ Housing company Apis Cor is 3D printing new houses in a day]</ref> Some homes Can Now Be Made In A Day With 3D Printing <ref>[http://talfeed.com/constructing-the-future-homes-can-now-be-made-in-a-day-with-3d-printing/ Constructing the Future: Homes Can Now Be Made In A Day With 3D Printing]</ref> this will lead to fewer jobs in the construction industry. A house 3D printed by the company PassivDom costs $32,000 and takes only 8 hours to build. <ref>[http://www.globalfuturist.org/2017/04/passivdom-can-3d-print-you-a-32000-house-in-eight-hours/ PassivDom can 3D print you a $32,000 house in eight hours]</ref>

* A bridge in Amsterdam is being 3D printed. <ref>[http://futurism.com/videos/robots-are-3d-printing-an-engineering-marvel/ Robots Are 3D-Printing an Engineering Marvel]</ref>

=== Customer Service ===

* Thanks to developments in personalization and human interaction, artificial intelligence is more efficient than ever in customer service. <ref>[https://www.fowcommunity.com/blog/future-work/5-industries-being-most-affected-artificial-intelligence 5 Industries Being Most Affected By Artificial Intelligence]</ref>

* In the fast food industry, the ability of ordering via either smartphone apps, or through computerised kiosks is also becoming more prevalent. This may lead to a reduction in the number of customer service jobs at such businesses. <ref>[https://www.thestar.com/business/2017/01/20/tim-hortons-burger-king-launching-mobile-order-and-pay-app-in-canada.html Tim Hortons, Burger King launching mobile order-and-pay app in Canada]</ref> <ref>[http://www.bizjournals.com/columbus/news/2016/02/09/wendys-bringing-self-ordering-kiosks-new-app-to.html Wendy's bringing self-ordering kiosks, new app to the masses in 2016]</ref> <ref>[http://www.businessinsider.com/self-service-kiosks-are-replacing-workers-2016-5 Fast food workers are becoming obsolete]</ref>

=== Farming, Fishing and Food Production ===

* InnovaSea Systems has raised $15 million to develop an all-in-one system for farming fish in the open ocean. They plan to bring the product to market in 2018. They will test its technology at fish farms in Panama and Mexico <ref>[http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/advancednano/~3/__BzP8SC4ww/132468.html Ocean fish farming could commercialize in 2018]</ref> this could lead to a reduced need of fisherman.
* Farming has become more and more machine automated. In the future, farmers may sit behind screens. <ref>[https://futurism.com/videos/farmers-of-the-future-will-sit-behind-screens/ Farmers of the Future Will Sit Behind Screens]</ref>
* Drones are also being used more frequently in the agriculture sector. <ref>[https://www.technologyreview.com/s/601935/six-ways-drones-are-revolutionizing-agriculture/ Six Ways Drones are Revolotionising Agriculture]</ref> <ref>[http://www.businessinsider.com/drones-could-replace-127-billion-of-human-labor-2016-5 drones could replace $127 billion worth of human labor and services across several industries.]</ref>
* [[3D Printing|3D printed]] lab-grown meat could also disrupt the food industry as a whole. <ref>[http://www.3ders.org/articles/20151020-3d-printed-lab-grown-meat-could-be-in-stores-in-the-next-five-years.html 3D printed lab-grown meat could be in stores in the next five years]</ref>

=== Healthcare and Legal professionals ===

* Due to progress in [[AI]], certain jobs within these fields will be replaced. <ref>[https://futurism.com/artificial-intelligence-is-leading-a-revolution-in-medicine/ Artificial Intelligence is Leading a Revolution in Medicine]</ref>
* A chatbot has been developed that can overturn parking tickets, has also given free legal aid to people who couldn’t afford lawyers for their emergency housing issues, and is now being used to help refugees with asylum applications. <ref>[https://futurism.com/a-robot-lawyer-is-officially-assisting-with-refugee-applications/ A Robot Lawyer Is Officially Assisting With Refugee Applications]</ref>
* Unchanged for the past hundred years, the legal industry now faces being automatized. <ref>[https://futurism.com/an-ai-law-firm-wants-to-automate-the-entire-legal-world/ An AI Law Firm Wants to ‘Automate the Entire Legal World’]</ref>

=== Information Technology ===

* Vinod Khosla, envisions a future where Artificial Intelligence will take over 80 percent of IT jobs. <ref>[https://futurism.com/80-of-it-jobs-can-be-replaced-by-automation-and-its-exciting/ 80% of IT Jobs can be Replaced by Automation, and it’s ‘Exciting’]</ref>

=== Manual Labour & Food Preparation===

* Robot manufacturers are increasingly targeting the services sector, and that includes flipping burgers. <ref>[http://www.globalfuturist.org/2017/04/caliburger-rolls-out-the-worlds-first-burger-flipping-robot/ CaliBurger rolls out the worlds first burger flipping robot]</ref>

* A machine named "Sally" can create a variety of salads using a combination of 21 ingredients. Although the machine does need human help in order for it to operate. <ref>[https://futurism.com/sally-can-create-and-serve-1000-different-meals-but-this-chefs-not-human/ Sally Can Create and Serve 1,000 Different Meals, but This Chef’s Not Human]</ref>

* Shipping company Shentong Express has managed to slash labor costs in half by using sorting robots developed by Hikvision. <ref>[https://futurism.com/3-tiny-robots-help-cut-chinese-warehouse-labor-costs-by-half-kelsey/ Robo Revolution: A Factory Cut Labor Costs in Half, Thanks to Tiny Robots]</ref>

* An automated fruit picking machine could replace many manual labour jobs. <ref>[http://www.mirror.co.uk/tech/apple-picking-robots-replace-farm-10359834 Apple Picking Robots - The Mirror]</ref>

=== Sex Workers ===

*In February of 2017 it was reported that a brothel in Barcelona had opened using "sex dolls". <ref>[https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/2970453/first-sex-doll-brothel-in-europe/ PLASTIC FANTASTIC First sex doll brothel in Europe opens in Barcelona where punters can ‘fulfil fantasies without any limit’]</ref> 
*In March of the same year; reports said that the brothel had been forced out after protests by sex trade workers who complained it was stealing their trade. <ref>[http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/779841/Sex-robot-brothel-Lumidolls-Barcelona-prostitutes-complain-police Europe’s first sex robot brothel FORCED OUT of base as prostitutes complain of competition]</ref>

=== Transportation workers ===

* With the rise of automated driving technologies; taxi drivers, bus drivers, and truck drivers are all under threat their jobs being replaced. <ref>[https://qz.com/868716/the-white-house-predicts-nearly-all-truck-taxi-and-delivery-driver-jobs-will-be-automated/ The White House predicts nearly all truck, taxi, and delivery driver jobs will be automated]</ref>
* Drones as a means of delivering goods directly could also lead to a reduced need for delivery drivers and perhaps even postal services. <ref>[https://www.flexport.com/blog/drone-delivery-economics/ Drone Delivery Economics]</ref>
* A robot that can replace fork-lift truck operators is being put into production. <ref>[http://www.globalfuturist.org/2017/04/meet-the-robot-that-wants-to-replace-fork-lift-truck-drivers/ Meet the robot that wants to replace fork lift truck drivers]</ref>

=== Writing and Content Creation ===

* It is predicted that by 2018, 20% of business content will be authored by machines. <ref>[https://blog.wiredelta.com/industries-ai-is-changing/ 
 5 Industries Where AI Is Changing Everything]</ref>
* The trailer for the movie [[Morgan]] was created with the help of [[AI]].

== List of Technologies Used in Automation ==

*[[3D Printing]]
*[[AI]]
*[[Driverless cars]]
*[[Drones]]
*[[Machine learning]]
*[[Robotics]]

== Possible solutions ==

* [[Basic income]]
* Doughnut Economics as proposed by Kate Raworth. <ref>[https://www.kateraworth.com/ Kate Raworth]</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/apr/12/doughnut-growth-economics-book-economic-model?CMP=share_btn_fb Doughnut Economics Book - The Guardian]</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2017/apr/06/kate-raworth-doughnut-economics-new-economics Old economics is based on false ‘laws of physics’ – new economics can save us]</ref>
* Education being made more affordable. <ref>[https://futurism.com/with-automation-looming-the-us-needs-to-make-education-affordable-or-fail/ With Automation Looming, the US Needs To Make Education Affordable Or Fail]</ref>
* [[Robot Tax]] - a concept backed by Bill Gates <ref>[https://qz.com/911968/bill-gates-the-robot-that-takes-your-job-should-pay-taxes/ Bill Gates - The Robot That Takes Your Job Should Pay Taxes]</ref> <ref>[http://www.businessinsider.com/bill-gates-robot-tax-brighter-future-2017-3 Bill Gates Robot Tax]</ref> although this idea has recieved critism. <ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2017-02-28/what-s-wrong-with-bill-gates-robot-tax What's Wrong With Bill Gates' Robot Tax]</ref> <ref>[http://fortune.com/2017/02/25/bill-gates-robot-tax-automation-jobs/ Bill Gates - Robot Tax, Automation and Jobs]</ref>
* [[Entrepreneurial development‏‎|Increased focus on entrepreneurship]]. <ref>[http://www.24-7pressrelease.com/press-release/entrepreneurship-is-more-important-in-the-age-of-automation-says-akashic-ventures-436904.php Entrepreneurship is More Important in the Age of Automation, Says Akashic Ventures]</ref>
* Shorter Work Weeks. <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/mar/15/richard-di-natale-cut-working-hours-to-cope-with-jobs-lost-to-automation Richard Di Natale: four-day week could help cope with jobs lost to automation]</ref>
* Job Guarantee Programs. <ref>[https://futurism.com/rise-of-the-machines-we-can-stop-automation-from-destroying-society/ Rise of the Machines: We Can Stop Automation From Destroying Society]</ref>

== Related Media ==

=== Books ===

* [[The Economic Singularity|The Economic Singularity: Artificial intelligence and the death of capitalism]] by [[Calum Chace]].
* [[Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of a Jobless Future]] by Martin Ford

=== Infographics ===

Below are links to infographics relating to Technological Unemployment:

* [https://futurism.com/images/will-automation-steal-my-job/ Will Automation Steal My Job?] - Futurism.
* [http://rossdawson.com/frameworks/future-of-work/ Future of Work] by [[Ross Dawson]]
* [https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/09/jobs-of-future-and-skills-you-need The jobs of the future – and two skills you need to get them] - contains an infographic on job skills that David Deming believes will become crucial.

=== Podcasts ===

* [https://www.thersa.org/action-and-research/arc-news/what-should-we-do-about-job-automation?utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook&utm_campaign=RSA-Radio-Automation&utm_content=podcast What Should We Do About Job Automation?] - Podacast from The RSA (Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce) with; Michael Osborne, Ryan Avent, and Judy Wajcman.

=== In Fiction ===

Technological unemployment related themes have featured in fictitious media such as: 
*[[The Jetsons]], which features shorter work weeks. 
*[[Humans (TV series)|Humans]] and [[Real Humans]] where humanoid robots have replaced many jobs.

== Critique of Technological Unemployment ==

* Whereas some believe that automation will lead to technological unemployment, others believe that new jobs will be created in their place. <ref>[https://futurism.com/three-major-reasons-automation-wont-leave-you-unemployed/ Three Major Reasons Automation Won't Leave You Unemployed]</ref> Information technology, artificial intelligence and robotics will affect almost all occupations, but how that will occur for each is unclear. Many people will be displaced by technology, while the demand for other jobs will increase. New industries will be born and other as-yet-unimagined jobs will be created. <ref>[https://m.phys.org/news/2017-04-policymakers-future.html Policymakers 'flying blind' into the future of work]</ref>

* Some also believe that increased automation will lead to a reduction in meaningless jobs, and that this is a good thing. <ref>[https://singularityhub.com/2017/03/26/automation-could-end-meaningless-jobs-and-none-too-soon/ Automation Could Replace Meaningless Jobs and None Too Soon]</ref>

* Others have attempted to put together lists of jobs that could survive automation. <ref>[http://careers.workopolis.com/advice/10-high-paying-jobs-will-survive-robot-invasion/ 10 High Paying Jobs That Will Survive Robot Invasion]</ref> <ref>[http://www.quantumrun.com/prediction/jobs-will-survive-automation-future-work-p3 Jobs Will Survive Automation]</ref>

* A report from The Heritage Foundation makes the case that automation and technology increase living standards. <ref>[http://www.heritage.org/jobs-and-labor/report/automation-and-technology-increase-living-standards Automation and Technology Increase Living Standards]</ref>

* Thomas Frey says there are 78 skills that will be difficult to automate. <ref>[https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/78-skills-difficult-automate-thomas-frey-1?trk=v-feed&lipi=urn%3Ali%3Apage%3Ad_flagship3_feed%3BKTzZkh0T78YH5mXlUxeLLw%3D%3D 78 Skills Difficult to Automate]</ref>

* An article written on Computing.co.uk states; "Robots 'have created 261,000 new jobs' in US automotive sector, not destroyed them" <ref>[http://www.computing.co.uk/ctg/news/3008931/robots-have-created-261-000-new-jobs-in-us-automotive-sector-not-destroyed-them Robots 'have created 261,000 new jobs' in US automotive sector, not destroyed them]</ref> Hinting that although in the short term job losses may occur, others may replace them.

== Automation Risk ==

Australian philosopher and cognitive scientist [[David Chalmers]] worries that automation is creating is a world devoid of consciousness. <ref>[http://bigthink.com/paul-ratner/automation-nightmare-we-might-be-headed-for-a-world-without-consciousness Automation Nightmare: Philosopher Warns We Are Creating a World Without Consciousness]</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Basic income]]
* [[Humans Need Not Apply]] by [[CGP Grey]]
* [[Robot Tax]]

== External links ==
* {{wikipedia|Technological unemployment}}

[[Category:Transhumanist politics]]
[[Category:Economics]]

== References ==