Редактирование: John Smart

'''John M. Smart''' (born 10 September 1960) is a [[futurist]] and scholar of [[accelerating change]].  He is founder and president of the Acceleration Studies Foundation, an organization that does "outreach, education, research, and advocacy with respect to issues of accelerating change".<ref>[http://accelerating.org/about.html About Page, ''Accelerating.org,'' retrieved 2 March 2007]</ref> Smart has an MS in [[futures studies]] from the University of Houston, an MS equivalency (two years of med school and USMLE-I) in medicine from UCSD School of Medicine, and a BS in business administration from U.C. Berkeley. He also did graduate studies at UCSD under systems theorist James Grier Miller.

==Ideas==
Smart is the principal advocate of the concept of “STEM compression,” (formerly "MEST compression") the idea that the most (ostensibly) complex of the universe’s extant systems at any time (galaxies, stars, habitable planets, living systems, and now technological systems) use progressively less space, time, energy and  matter (“STEM”) resources, and more dense arrangements of these resources, to create the next level of complexity in their evolutionary development.<ref>[http://www.accelerationwatch.com/mest.html Understanding STEM, STEM+IC, and STEM Compression in Universal Change, ''Accelerationwatch.com,'' retrieved 20 Dec 2008]</ref> A similar perspective on the increasing efficiency of resource use, but not discussing increasing resource density, is found in Buckminster Fuller’s writings on [[ephemeralization]].

In the "developmental singularity hypothesis",<ref>[http://www.accelerationwatch.com/developmentalsinghypothesis.html Intro to the Developmental Singularity Hypothesis (DSH), ''Accelerationwatch.com,'' retrieved 2 Mar 2007]</ref> also called the [[Accelerating change#Smart.E2.80.99s .22Transcension Hypothesis.22|transcension hypothesis]], Smart proposes that STEM compression, as a driver of accelerating change, must lead cosmic intelligence to a future of highly miniaturized, accelerated, and local "transcension" to extra-universal domains, rather than to space-faring expansion within our existing universe. The hypothesis proposes that once civilizations saturate their local region of space with their intelligence, they need to leave our visible, macroscopic universe in order to continue exponential growth of complexity and intelligence, and disappear from this universe, thus explaining the [[Fermi paradox]].<ref>[[Ray Kurzweil]], ''[[The Singularity is Near]],'' 2005, p. 358.</ref> Developments in [[astrobiology]] make this a testable hypothesis.<ref>[http://www.accelerating.org/articles/answeringfermiparadox.html Smart, J., Answering the Fermi Paradox: Exploring the Mechanisms of Universal Transcension, ''J. of Evol. And Technology,'' June 2002]</ref> A related proposal may be found in the selfish biocosm hypothesis of complexity theorist [[James N. Gardner]].

Smart has been criticized by some in the futures community as [[reductionism|reductionist]]<ref>[http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/622/ Carrico, D., Smart’s “Laws on Technology,” ''Amor Mundi,'' 16 May 2006]</ref> and a techno-optimist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kurzweilai.net/articles/art0640.html?printable=1|title=Techno-Utopia and Human Values|last=Eckersley|first=Richard|date=2007-09-30|website=KurzweilAI|publisher=|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20070930013105/http://www.kurzweilai.net/articles/art0640.html?printable=1|archive-date=2007-09-30}}</ref> His writings do discuss risks, abuses, and social regulation of technology, but usually as a secondary theme, subject to “inevitable” acceleration. In his defense, he claims universal and human-historical accelerating change (see [[Carl Sagan]]'s [[Cosmic Calendar]]) do not appear to be simply a product of  [[evolution]] but of some universal [[developmental]] process, one apparently protected, in a general statistical sense, by poorly understood [[immune systems]] in complex systems. In his public presentations<ref>[http://accelerating.org/slides.html Smart, J. Slide Presentations Archive, ''Accelerating.org,'' retrieved 2 Mar 2007]</ref> he calls for better characterization and use of existing processes of [[intelligence]], [[immunity (medical)|immunity]], and [[interdependence]] development in biological, cultural, and technological systems. He has critiqued systems scholars such as Jonathan Huebner, who claim that the rate of global innovation appears to be slowing down. His counterthesis is that innovation is increasingly conducted by and within technological systems, and is thereby becoming more abstract and difficult to measure by human social standards.<ref>[http://accelerating.org/articles/huebnerinnovation.html Smart, J. (2005) Measuring Innovation in an Accelerating World, ''Technological Forecasting & Social Change,'' V72N8]</ref>

An advocate of foresight and “acceleration-awareness” in education, Smart has proposed a developmental categorization of futurist thinking,<ref>[http://www.accelerationwatch.com/futuristdef.html Smart, J. Futurist (definition): (Twelve) Types of Futures Thinking, ''Accelerationwatch.com,'' retrieved 2 Mar 2007]</ref> maintains a list of global futures studies programs,<ref>[http://www.accelerating.org/gradprograms.html Futures Studies (ASF list): Global Graduate Programs and Resources]</ref> and has authored an [[open source]] required undergraduate course in foresight development,<ref>[http://accelerating.org/foresight_development.html Evo Devo Futures Studies I: Introduction to Foresight Development, ''Accelerating.org,'' retrieved 2 Mar 2007]</ref> modelled after required foresight courses at Tamkang University in Taiwan. He has argued that just as history (hindsight) and current events (insight) are core general education requirements, the methods and knowledge base of [[futures studies]] (foresight), deserve inclusion in the modern undergraduate curriculum.

==External links==
* [http://accelerationwatch.com Acceleration Watch ] (formerly Singularity Watch) - Personal web site, includes extensive, print and web-published 

==References==
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[[Category:Transhumanists]]
[[Category:American transhumanists]]
[[Category:H+Pedia:Articles needing wikification]]