CDH23
Cadherin-23 precursor (Otocadherin) [KIAA1774] [KIAA1812] [UNQ1894/PRO4340]
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The waltzer (v) mouse mutant harbors a mutation in Cadherin 23 (Cdh23) and is a model for Usher syndrome type 1D, which is characterized by congenital deafness, vestibular dysfunction, and prepubertal onset of progressive retinitis pigmentosa. In mice, functionally null Cdh23 mutations affect stereociliary morphogenesis and the polarity of both cochlear and vestibular hair cells. In contrast, the murine Cdh23(ahl) allele, which harbors a hypomorphic mutation, causes an increase in susceptibility to age-related hearing loss in many inbred strains. We produced congenic mice by crossing mice carrying the v niigata (Cdh23(v-ngt)) null allele with mice carrying the hypomorphic Cdh23(ahl) allele on the C57BL/6J background, and we then analyzed the animals' balance and hearing phenotypes. Although the Cdh23(v-ngt/ahl) compound heterozygous mice exhibited normal vestibular function, their hearing ability was abnormal: the mice exhibited higher thresholds of auditory brainstem response (ABR) and rapid age-dependent elevation of ABR thresholds compared with Cdh23(ahl/ahl) homozygous mice. We found that the stereocilia developed normally but were progressively disrupted in Cdh23(v-ngt/ahl) mice. In hair cells, CDH23 localizes to the tip links of stereocilia, which are thought to gate the mechanoelectrical transduction channels in hair cells. We hypothesize that the reduction of Cdh23 gene dosage in Cdh23(v-ngt/ahl) mice leads to the degeneration of stereocilia, which consequently reduces tip link tension. These findings indicate that CDH23 plays an important role in the maintenance of tip links during the aging process.
MeSH Terms
- Aging
- Alleles
- Animals
- Cadherins
- Disease Progression
- Gene Dosage
- Hearing Loss
- Heterozygote
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mutation
- Nerve Degeneration
- Stereocilia
Individual susceptibility to age-related hearing loss (AHL) and noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) varies greatly, and this inter-individual variation is due to an interaction of environmental factors, individual factors, and susceptibility genes. Majority of studies on susceptibility genes for AHL and NIHL have been performed in mice model. These findings suggest the role of the same genes in the development of AHL and NIHL, the more so as the pathogenesis of both diseases is similar with a crucial role of oxidative stress. The alleles responsible for AHL have been localized to the chromosome 10 (Ahl gene). Ahl-/- mice develop hearing impairment at early age and are also oversensitive to noise. Ahl gene is a recessive gene and it is probably responsible for the synthesis of cell junction proteins. In mice ahl codes for cadherin (CDH) proteins. The cadherin of interest is named otocadherin or CDH23, and it is localized to the links between stereocilia of hair cells. A hypomorphic 753G>A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in Cdh 23 is associated with AHL, and the 753A variant is also correlated with susceptibility to NIHL. An increased susceptibility to AHL and NIHL may rely on the SNPs of several other genes, including the groups of oxidative stress genes, K ions recycling genes, monogenic deafness genes (including Connexin 26 gene, which mutation is responsible for the most frequent hereditary deafness in Caucasians), as well as mitochondrial genes. Several oxidative stress enzyme (sod1-/-, gpx -/-) knock-out mice have been shown to be more susceptible to NIHL than wild strains. Current large-scale cohort studies on AHL and NIHL performed under the European projects in between-lab collaboration along with a dynamic progress in the field of genetics of deafness open up new opportunities to find human AHL and NIHL susceptibility genes and develop methods for AHUNIHL treatment.
MeSH Terms
- Aged
- Aging
- Animals
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Noise, Occupational
Mutations in genes coding for cadherin 23 and protocadherin 15 cause deafness in both mice and humans. Here, we provide evidence that mutations at these two cadherin loci can interact to cause hearing loss in digenic heterozygotes of both species. Using a classical genetic approach, we generated mice that were heterozygous for both Cdh23 and Pcdh15 mutations on a uniform C57BL/6J background. Significant levels of hearing loss were detected in these mice when compared to age-matched single heterozygous animals or normal controls. Cytoarchitectural defects in the cochlea of digenic heterozygotes, including degeneration of the stereocilia and a base-apex loss of hair cells and spiral ganglion cells, were consistent with the observed age-related hearing loss of these mice beginning with the high frequencies. In humans, we also have obtained evidence for a digenic inheritance of a USH1 phenotype in three unrelated families with mutations in CDH23 and PCDH15. Altogether, our data indicate that CDH23 and PCDH15 play an essential long-term role in maintaining the normal organization of the stereocilia bundle.
MeSH Terms
- Aging
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cadherins
- Deafness
- Hair Cells, Auditory
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Pedigree
- Protein Precursors
- Quantitative Trait Loci
- Spiral Ganglion
Exposure to intense noise can damage the stereocilia of sensory hair cells in the inner ear. Since stereocilia play a vital role in the transduction of sound from a mechanical stimulus into an electrical one, this pathology is thought to contribute to noise-induced hearing loss. Mice homozygous for null mutations in either the myosin VIIa ( Myo7a) or cadherin 23 ( Cdh23) genes are deaf and have disorganized stereocilia bundles. We show that mice heterozygous for a presumed null allele of Cdh23 ( Cdh23(v)) have low- and high-frequency hearing loss at 5-6 weeks of age, the high-frequency component of which worsens with increasing age. We also show that noise-induced hearing loss in 11-12-week-old Cdh23(v) heterozygotes is two times greater than for wild-type littermates. Interestingly, these effects are dependent upon the genetic background on which the Cdh23(v) mutation is carried. Noise-induced hearing loss in 11-12-week-old mice heterozygous for a null allele of Myo7a ( Myo7a(4626SB)) is not significantly different from wild-type littermates. CDH23 is the first gene known to cause deafness in the human population to be linked with predisposition to noise-induced hearing loss.
MeSH Terms
- Action Potentials
- Aging
- Animals
- Auditory Threshold
- Cadherins
- Cilia
- Dyneins
- Genotype
- Hair Cells, Auditory
- Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced
- Heterozygote
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Neurologic Mutants
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Myosin VIIa
- Myosins
- Noise
Individual animals and humans show differing susceptibility to noise damage even under very carefully controlled exposure conditions. This difference in susceptibility may be related to unknown genetic components. Common experimental animals (rats, guinea pigs, chinchillas, cats) are outbred-their genomes contain an admixture of many genes. Many mouse strains have been inbred over many generations reducing individual variability, making them ideal candidates for studying the genetic modulation of individual susceptibility. Erway et al. (1993) demonstrated a recessive gene associated with early presbycusis in the C57BL/6J inbred mouse. A series of studies have shown that mice homozygous for Ahl allele are more sensitive to the damaging effects of noise. Recent work has shown that mice homozygous for Ahl are not only more sensitive to noise, but also are probably damaged in a different manner by noise than mice containing the wild-type gene (Davis et al., 2001). Recent work in Noben-Trauth's lab (Di Palma et al., 2001) has shown that the wild-type Ahl gene codes for a hair cell specific cadherin. Cadherins are calcium dependent proteins that hold cells together at adherins junctions to form tissues and organs. The cadherin of interest named otocadherin or CDH23, is localized to the stereocillia of the outer hair cells. Our working hypothesis, suggests that otocadherin may form the lateral links between stereocilia described by Pickles et al (1989). Reduction of, or missing otocadherin weakens the cell and may allow stereocilia to be more easily physically damaged by loud sounds and by aging.
MeSH Terms
- Aging
- Animals
- Cadherins
- Genotype
- Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced
- Humans
- Mice
- Molecular Biology
- Species Specificity
Age-related hearing loss (AHL) in common inbred mouse strains is a genetically complex quantitative trait. We found a synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism in exon 7 of Cdh23 that shows significant association with AHL and the deafness modifier mdfw (modifer of deafwaddler). The hypomorphic Cdh23(753A) allele causes in-frame skipping of exon 7. Altered adhesion or reduced stability of CDH23 may confer susceptibility to AHL. Homozygosity at Cdh23(753A) or in combination with heterogeneous secondary factors is a primary determinant of AHL in mice.
MeSH Terms
- Aging
- Alleles
- Animals
- Cadherins
- Cloning, Organism
- Hearing Loss, Sensorineural
- Inheritance Patterns
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide