SI
Sucrase-isomaltase, intestinal [Contains: Sucrase (EC 3.2.1.48); Isomaltase (EC 3.2.1.10)]
Publications[править]
Social isolation (SI) increases ischemic injury and significantly delays recovery after experimental stroke. Changes in circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in several neurological disorders, including stroke. However, potential biomarkers to elucidate the mechanisms that underlie the detrimental effects of post-stroke isolation are unknown. Aged C57BL/6 male and female mice (18-20 months) were subjected to a 60-min middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by reperfusion and were assigned to either isolation (SI) or continued pair housing (PH) immediately after stroke. On day 15, mice were sacrificed, and plasma samples were collected for miRNAome analysis. Top candidate miRNAs and their biological functions were identified using integrated bioinformatics. The miRNAome analysis revealed a total of 21 differentially expressed miRNAs across both sexes with fold change of 3 or higher. Within the female cohort, miR-206-3p, -376a-3p, -34b-5p, -133a-5p, -466f, and -671-3p were highly altered relative to the PH housing condition. Similarly in males, miR-376c-3p, -181d-5p, -712-5p, -186-5p, -21a-3p, -30d-3p, -495-3p, -669c-5p, -335-5p, -429-3p, -31-3p, and -217-5p were identified. Following Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis, the identified miRNAs effected distinct subset of pathways within sexes. Interactional network analysis revealed miR-495-3p (male) and miR-34b-5p (female) as pivotal nodes that targeted the largest subset of genes. We identified several sex-specific miRNAs as candidate biomarkers for post-stroke SI in aged male and female mice. Additionally, these results suggest that there is potential to use plasma-based circulating miRNAs as a source of novel biomarkers to identify biological pathways involved in post-stroke SI.
Keywords
- Aging
- Biomarkers
- Sex differences
- Social isolation
- Stroke
- miRNAs
Social isolation (SI) is a major health risk in older people leading to cognitive decline. This study examined how SI and age influence performance in the novel object recognition (NOR) and elevated plus maze (EPM) tasks in C57BL/6 mice aged 3 or 24 months. Mice were group-housed (groups of 2-3) or isolated for 2 weeks prior to experimentation. Following NOR and EPM testing hippocampal norepinephrine (NE), 5, hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 5, hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA), corticosterone (CORT) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined and serum collected for basal CORT analysis. A separate set of mice were exposed to the forced swim test (FST), sacrificed immediately and serum CORT determined. SI impaired performance in the NOR and the FST, reduced hippocampal 5-HT, increased hippocampal IL-6 and increased serum CORT post-FST in young mice. Aged mice either failed to respond significantly to SI (NOR, FST, hippocampal 5-HT, serum CORT post FST) or SI had synergistic effects with age (hippocampal NE, 5-HIAA:5-HT). In conclusion, the lack of response to SI in the aged mice may affect health by preventing them adapting to new stressors, while the synergistic effects of SI with age would increase allostatic load and enhance the deleterious effects of the ageing process.
Keywords
- Aging
- Hippocampus
- Inflammation
- Memory
- Serotonin
- Social isolation
- Stress
Finger photoplethysmography (PPG) waveform is blood volume change of finger microcirculation that reflects vascular function. Reflection index (RI), stiffness index (SI) and second derivative of photoplethysmogram (SDPPG) are derived from PPG waveforms proposed as cardiovascular disease (CVD) markers. Heart rate (HR) is a known factor that affects vascular function. Individual resting HR variation may affect RI, SI and SDPPG. This review aims to identify studies about the relationship between HR with RI, SI and SDPPG among humans. A literature search was conducted in Medline via the Ebscohost and Scopus databases to find relevant articles published within 11 years. The main inclusion criteria were articles in the English language that discuss the relationship between HR with RI, SI and SDPPG using PPG among humans. The search found 1960 relevant articles but only six articles that met the inclusion criteria. SI and RI showed an association with HR. SDPPG (SDPPG-b/SDPPG-a ratio, SDPPG-d/SDPPG-a ratio, aging index (AGI) and revised aging index (RAGI)) also had an association with HR. Only RI had a considerable association with HR, the association between SI and HR was non-considerable and the association between HR and SDPPG was inconclusive. Further interventional studies should be conducted to investigate this issue, as a variation in resting HR may challenge the validity of PPG-based CVD markers.
MeSH Terms
- Aging
- Cardiovascular Diseases
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
- Female
- Fingers
- Heart Rate
- Humans
- Male
- Microcirculation
- Photoplethysmography
- Vascular Stiffness
Keywords
- cardiovascular disease
- heart rate
- photoplethysmography
- reflection index
- second derivative of photoplethysmography
- stiffness index
The prediction of short-term survival is important for noncancer patients and their families. Although a markedly reduced oral intake by cancer patients suggests a poor prognosis, the survival times of noncancer patients after its onset remain unclear. We herein investigated the time from a marked reduction in oral intake to death in noncancer patients as well as factors associated with their subsequent survival. We conducted a retrospective medical record review of noncancer patients who died in our hospital between April 2017 and April 2018. We recorded the day when oral intake markedly decreased and the date of death. We extracted data on age, gender, the Charlson Comorbidities Index, mean daily fluid volume, laboratory test results, and vital signs converted to the Shock Index (SI). We used Cox's proportional hazards models to assess relationships between these factors and survival times after the onset of a markedly reduced oral intake. We analyzed data from 44 noncancer patients. The median time from the onset of a markedly reduced oral intake to death was 16.5 days. Based on Cox's proportional hazards models, only SI ≧ 1.0 at the onset of a markedly reduced oral intake correlated with survival times (hazard ratio: 5.89, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.71-20.1, [i]P[/i] = .005). Noncancer patients died a median of 16.5 days after the onset of a markedly reduced oral intake, and SI ≧1.0 correlated with subsequent survival times. These results will provide novel insights into the prognosis of noncancer patients at the end of life.
Keywords
- elderly
- geriatrics
- palliative medicine
Adherence to Mediterranean Diet (Med-Diet) has been associated with a lower incidence of chronic diseases and may be associated with lower risk for depression. The aim of the present study was to investigate (i) the association of adherence to Med-Diet with depressive symptoms and multimorbidity in a cohort of geriatric medical outpatients, and (ii) the role of Med-Diet in mediating the association between depressive symptoms and multimorbidity. A total of 143 geriatric patients (mean age: 73.1 ± 8.35) were included. Adherence to Med-Diet was evaluated using a validated 14-item questionnaire; depressive and cognitive symptoms were assessed through the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) respectively; multimorbidity was evaluated using the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics (CIRSG-SI). Significant associations were found between MDQ score, GDS and CIRSG-SI (MDQ score and GDS: r= -0.206, p = 0.014; MDQ score and CIRSG-SI: r= -0.247, p = 0.003; GDS and CIRSG-SI: r = 0.251; p = 0.003). These associations remained significant after adjusting for potential confounding factors. A mediational model analysis showed that the direct effect of CIRSG-SI on GDS was significant (b = 1.330; se = 0.59; p = 0.028) with this effect being counterbalanced by higher MDQ scores (indirect effect of CIRS-G on GDS through MDQ: b = 0.382; se = 0.19; p = 0.048). These findings (i) add to the accumulating evidence that Med-Diet may have a positive impact on mental health in the elderly, and (ii) suggest that Med-Diet may contribute, at least in part, to protect geriatric patients with multimorbidity from the development of depressive symptoms, ultimately promoting healthy aging.
MeSH Terms
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Cohort Studies
- Depression
- Diet, Mediterranean
- Healthy Aging
- Humans
- Multimorbidity
- Surveys and Questionnaires
Keywords
- Aging
- Depressive symptoms
- Mediterranean diet
- Mental health
- Multimorbidity
The population of older prisoners (age ≥50), a group with high suicide rates, is growing. We sought to explore the associations among functional disability, depression, and suicidal ideation (SI) among older prisoners, focusing on the mediating role of depression. Study participants were 220 sentenced male inmates age ≥50 who were incarcerated in 8 prisons. Face-to-face interviews were conducted following consent. Functional disability was assessed objectively, using the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), and via self-report by asking participants their level of difficulty climbing stairs and completing activities necessary for daily living in prison (PADLS) such as standing in line for medications. The PHQ-9 and the Geriatric Suicide Ideation Scale assessed depressive symptoms and SI, respectively. Data were analyzed using linear regression models and causal mediation models. Participants were racially diverse and ranged from age 50 to 79 years. Whereas each functional disability measure was significantly associated with depressive symptoms, difficulty climbing stairs and PADL disability, but not SPPB score, were independently associated with SI. Depressive symptoms mediated the relationship between functional disability, assessed both objectively and via self-report, and SI. Cross-sectional study design; possible under-sampling of participants with depressive symptoms and SI. Our findings have implications for suicide prevention in older prisoners. As this population continues to grow, prevention efforts should target those with depression, including but not limited to those with functional disability. Furthermore, assessing functional disability may offer a means of identifying those who should be screened for depression and suicidal ideation.
Keywords
- Aging
- Depression
- Depressive symptoms
- Prisoners
- Suicidal ideation
This cross-sectional, observational study examined whether objectively measured physical activity (PA) and specific activities are associated with loneliness and social isolation (SI) in rural-living older adults. A total of 112 participants (Mage = 72.8 [SD = 6.6], 51.8% female) from 23 villages in Wiltshire, United Kingdom, completed questionnaires, 7-day accelerometry, and activity diaries. Regression analysis was used to test associations between objectively measured light PA, moderate to vigorous PA, and total PA; loneliness; and SI from family, neighbors, or friends and to explore these associations using specific activities. Daily mean light, moderate to vigorous, and total PA were not associated with loneliness or SI. Volunteering, accompanying others, and sports/exercise were associated with lower SI from neighbors (odds ratio = 0.23, 95% CI [0.06, 0.91]), family (odds ratio = 0.39, 95% CI [0.22, 0.68]), and friends (odds ratio = 0.56, 95% CI [0.33, 0.97]), respectively. There were no associations between loneliness, SI, and objectively measured PA. The contribution of PA to loneliness and SI needs to be further investigated with larger and diverse samples of rural-living older adults.
Keywords
- accelerometry
- aging
- health
- social well-being
- volunteering
To examine associations between social support and negative social interaction with past suicidal ideation (SI) at multiple time intervals. The study used cross-sectional data collected from 3157 US Chinese older adults in Chicago to assess past 2-week, 1-month, 1-year, and lifetime SI. Self-perceived social support and negative social interaction were measured. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to examine the associations. People perceived more social support and less negative social interaction were 17-19% less likely to have SI. People perceived more social support were 14-20% less likely to have SI. Meanwhile, people perceived more negative social interaction were 28-37% more likely to have SI. The independent associations between different social interaction and SI are significant regardless of the time intervals. Research should pay attention not only to bolstering perceptions of social support, but also to strategies that help individuals cope with the influence of negative social interactions.
Keywords
- Chinese American
- Social support
- aging
- negative social interaction
- suicidal ideation
Cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) in penetrating arteries is a major cause of age-related morbidity. Cellular senescence is a molecular process targeted by novel senolytic drugs. We quantified senescence in penetrating arteries and tested whether myocyte senescence was associated with cSVD. We immunolabeled subcortical white matter of older persons (age 80-96 years, n = 60) with minimal AD, using antibodies to 2 established senescence markers (H3K9me3, γH2AX) and a myocyte marker (hSMM). Within the walls of penetrating arteries (20-300 µm), we quantified senescence-associated heterochromatic foci (SAHF)-positive nuclei, cell density (nuclei/µm2), and sclerotic index (SI). Senescent-appearing mural cells were present in small arteries of all cases. cSVD cases exhibited a lower proportion of senescent-appearing cells and lower area fraction (AF%) of SAHF-positive nuclei compared to controls (p = 0.014, 0.016, respectively). cSVD severity and SI both correlated negatively with AF% (p = 0.013, 0.002, respectively). Mural cell density was lower (p < 0.001) and SI higher (p < 0.001) in cSVD, relative to controls. In conclusion, senescent myocyte-like cells were universal in penetrating arteries of an AD-free cohort aged 80 years and older. Senescent-appearing nuclei were more common in persons aged 80 years and older without cSVD compared to cSVD cases, indicating caution in senolytic drug prescribing. Myocyte senescence and cSVD may represent alternative vessel fates in the aging human brain.
MeSH Terms
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aging
- Brain
- Cellular Senescence
- Cerebral Arteries
- Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- White Matter
Keywords
- Brain aging
- Cerebrovascular disease
- Senescence
- Small vessel disease
To determine risk factors, especially age, associated with postoperative reflux (POR; >2 L of reflux present upon intubation), high-volume POR (≥20 L in 24 hours), and short-term outcome after small intestinal (SI) surgery. Retrospective case-control study. Horses aged ≥16 years (geriatric; range, 16-30; n = 44) and <16 years (mature; range, 2-15; n = 39) with an SI surgical lesion that survived general anesthesia and did not have a second exploratory celiotomy during the same visit. Medical records (2009-2015) were reviewed; perioperative variables were evaluated for associations with outcomes by using multivariable logistic regression. Postoperative reflux was associated with an increasing packed cell volume at admission (odds ratio [OR], 1.08; 95% CI, 1.00-1.16; P = .042) and presence of nasogastric reflux at admission (OR, 4.61; 95% CI, 1.3-15.69; P = .014). High-volume POR was associated with an increasing glycemia at admission (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.01-1.40; P = .041), presence of nasogastric reflux at admission (OR, 10.05; 95% CI, 2.21-45.74; P = .003), and SI resection (OR, 10.52; 95% CI, 1.81-61.25; P = .009). Increasing surgical time (OR, 2.50; 95% CI, 1.16-5.29; P = .019) and high-volume POR (OR, 6.37; 95% CI, 2.12-19.12; P = .001) were associated with nonsurvival. Age, considered as both a continuous variable and a categorical variable, was not associated with the development of POR, high-volume POR, or nonsurvival. Age does not influence the occurrence of POR and should not negatively impact an owner's decision to pursue surgery in aged horses.
MeSH Terms
- Aging
- Animals
- Case-Control Studies
- Colic
- Digestive System Surgical Procedures
- Female
- Gastroesophageal Reflux
- Horse Diseases
- Horses
- Male
- Odds Ratio
- Postoperative Complications
- Retrospective Studies
- Risk Factors
The Saving Inventory - Revised (SI-R) is the most widely used self-report measure of hoarding symptom severity. The goal of this study is to establish a firm empirical basis for a cutoff score on the SI-R and to examine the functioning of the SI-R as a screening tool and indicator of hoarding symptom severity across the lifespan. This study used archival data from 1,116 participants diagnosed with a clinical interview in 14 studies conducted by research groups who focus on hoarding. We used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and the Youden's J statistic to determine optimal cutoff scores for classifying participants who would be likely to receive a hoarding diagnosis. Overall, the discriminant performance of the SI-R Total score and each of the three subscales was high, confirming the status of the SI-R is an excellent screening tool for differentiating hoarding from non-hoarding cases. The optimal SI-R Total cutoff score is 39, although analyses suggested that older adults require a significantly lower cutoff and adults younger than 40 years require a significantly higher cutoff score. The confidence interval around the optimal cutoff for the SI-R Total score for oldest age group was wide in comparison to those reported for the younger groups, creating more uncertainty around the optimal cutoff score for this group. This paper provides investigators and clinicians with the data necessary to select evidence-based cutoff scores on the SI-R that optimally suit their relative need for sensitivity and specificity in different age groups.
MeSH Terms
- Adult
- Aged
- Female
- Hoarding
- Hoarding Disorder
- Humans
- Longevity
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
- Psychometrics
- ROC Curve
- Reference Values
- Self Report
- Sensitivity and Specificity
Keywords
- Hoarding
- Lifespan
- Older adults
- Psychological assessment
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of aerobic fitness on cognitive performance under varying dual-task demands in older adults. Thirty-four participants (mean ± SD age: 68.6 ± 10.1 years, 24 females) were included in this study. VO max was assessed with the Rockport 1-mile walk test (range = 6.68-45.57). Participants engaged in a cognitive task, the Modified Stroop Color Word Test (MSCWT) on a self-paced treadmill while simultaneously standing or walking. Performance on the Stroop Test was measured as interference of the accuracy score. Participants demonstrated over a 4-fold increase in SI when going from Incongruent to Switching MSCWT blocks across both standing and walking tasks. Furthermore, there was a significant interaction between the MSCWT block and VO max in Stroop interference, such that Switching Stroop interference demonstrated greater changes due to VO max, in comparison to Incongruent SI, even after controlling for age, gender, body mass index, and years of education as covariates in analyses. These results provide evidence of a relationship between aerobic fitness and cognition, suggesting that dual-task interference may provide a sensitive indicator of effects of an aerobic intervention program on the cognitive performance among older adults.
MeSH Terms
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Cognition
- Exercise
- Exercise Test
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Outcome Assessment, Health Care
- Oxygen Consumption
- Physical Fitness
- Task Performance and Analysis
- Walking
Keywords
- Aerobic
- Aging
- Cognition
- Walking
Effects of Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk factors on brain volume changes may partly explain what happens during the preclinical AD stage in people who develop subsequent cognitive impairment (SI). We investigated predictors of neurodegeneration, measured by MRI-based volume loss, in older adults before diagnosis of cognitive impairment. There were 623 cognitively normal and 65 SI Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging participants (age 55-92 years) enrolled in the neuroimaging substudy from 1994 to 2015. Mixed-effects regression was used to assess the associations of AD risk factors (age, APOE e4 carrier status, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, current smoking, and elevated cholesterol) with brain regional volume change among the overall sample and by diagnostic status. Older age, APOE e4 carrier status, hypertension, and HDL cholesterol were predictors of volumetric change. Among SI participants only, hypertension, obesity, and APOE e4 carrier status were associated with greater declines in selected brain regions. SI individuals in the preclinical AD stage are vulnerable to risk factors that have either a protective or null effect in cognitively normal individuals.
MeSH Terms
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aging
- Alzheimer Disease
- Amyloid beta-Peptides
- Brain
- Cognition
- Cognitive Dysfunction
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neuroimaging
Keywords
- Cardiovascular risk factors
- Cognitive impairment
- Neurodegeneration
Fifty-five healthy medium-sized dogs were divided into four groups; young (1-3 years old, n = 14), adult (>3 to 6 years old, n = 12), old (>6 to 9 years old, n = 14) and senile (>9 years old, n = 15). After routine orchiectomy, testes were collected, and the degree of white streak areas on cut surfaces was subjectively assessed. Later, testicular tissue sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome for evaluation of germ cell degeneration and the proportion of interstitial connective tissue, respectively. Semiquantitative severity scoring of germ cell degeneration and quantitative analysis of spermatogenic cells for spermatic index (SI) and Sertoli cell index (SEI) was performed. The score of white streak on cut surface area of the testes increased with age, being higher (p < 0.05) in senile dogs than other age groups; no difference was found between adult and old dogs. The proportion of testicular interstitial fibrosis was highest (p < 0.05) in senile dogs. Positive correlations between age and white streak area (rho = 0.77, p < 0.01) as well as age and interstitial fibrosis (rho = 0.63, p < 0.01) were observed. The severity of germ cell degeneration gradually increased with age and differed among age groups (p < 0.05). Age positively correlated with atrophy of seminiferous tubules (rho = 0.93, p < 0.01). The SI was lower (p < 0.05) in senile dogs compared to other age groups, and SI was not different among young, adult and old dogs. Conversely, SEI was significantly higher in senile dogs compared to young, adult and old dogs. A negative correlation between age and SI (rho = -0.69) and a positive correlation between age and SEI (rho = 0.68) were significant (p < 0.01). In conclusion, influence of age on testicular interstitial fibrosis and germ cell degeneration/depletion were pronounced in dogs over 9 years old.
MeSH Terms
- Aging
- Animals
- Dogs
- Fibrosis
- Germ Cells
- Male
- Seminiferous Tubules
- Sertoli Cells
- Spermatogenesis
- Testis
Keywords
- ageing
- dog
- fibrosis
- seminiferous tubule
- testis
Since gain or loss of skeletal muscle mass is a gradual event and occurs due to a combination of lifestyle factors, assessment of dietary factors related to skeletal muscle is complicated. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in total energy intake according to the level of skeletal muscle mass. A total of 8,165 subjects ≥ 30 years of age from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) 2008-2011 were included in the analysis, and multivariate-adjusted regression analyses were performed to analyze the association of the quartiles of sarcopenia index (SI) with energy intake of the study population after adjusting for age and metabolic parameters. The increase in SI quartile was in proportion to the gradual decrease in systemic lipids and the anthropometric measurement of fat accumulation ([i]P[/i] < 0.001). Subjects in higher SI quartiles tended to consume more total energy and energy-producing nutrients than those in lower quartiles ([i]P[/i] < 0.001). After age, body weight, alcohol consumption, and metabolic parameters were adjusted in the analysis, total energy intake gradually increased according to the increase in SI quartile, and the association between total energy intake and SI was more pronounced in men. However, the risk (odd ratio) of having a low SI was not affected by any single macronutrient intake. In this study, total energy intake was positively associated with SI and relative skeletal mass in both men and women. However, no significant association or a weak association was observed between any single macronutrient intake and skeletal muscle mass. The data indicated that acquiring more energy intake within the normal range of energy consumption may help to maintain skeletal muscle mass.
Keywords
- Muscles
- aging
- energy intake
- gender
- sarcopenia
Response inhibition processes undergo strong developmental changes. The same is true for sensory processes, and recent evidence shows that there also within-modality differences in the efficacy to trigger motor response inhibition. Yet, modulatory effects of within-modality differences during age-related changes in response inhibition between adolescence and adulthood are still indeterminate. We investigated this question in a system neurophysiological approach combining analysis of event-related potentials (ERPs) with temporal EEG signal decomposition and source localization processes. We used the somatosensory system to examine possible within-modality differences. The study shows that differences in response inhibition processes between adolescents and adults are modulated by sensory processes. Adolescents show deficient response inhibition when stimuli triggering these mechanisms are processed via SI somatosensory areas, compared to SII somatosensory areas. Opposed to this, no differences between adolescents and adults are evident, when response inhibition processes are triggered via SII cortical regions. The EEG data suggests that specific neurophysiological subprocesses are associated with this. Adolescents seem to encounter problems assigning processing resources to integrate motor with tactile information in posterior parietal areas when this information is processed via SI. Thus, basic perceptual and age-related processes interactively modulate response inhibition as an important instance of cognitive control.
MeSH Terms
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aging
- Cognition
- Electroencephalography
- Evoked Potentials
- Female
- Humans
- Inhibition, Psychological
- Male
- Parietal Lobe
- Young Adult
Keywords
- Adolescence
- Adulthood
- Cognitive control
- EEG
- Somatosensory system
- Source localization
The effect of plant size (seedlings versus young plants versus adult plants) on the phenotypic level of glyphosate resistance and selection intensity (SI) in Sorghum halepense with and without a reduced glyphosate translocation resistance mechanism was evaluated. Resistance parameters [the 50% lethal dose (LD ) and the dose required to cause a 50% reduction in plant growth (GR )] in adult plants were notably higher than in seedlings regardless of the resistance status. However, under similar plant size increases, populations comprised of glyphosate-resistant (R) individuals showed higher survival and growth when glyphosate treated compared with glyphosate-susceptible (S) plants. An increase in SI was always evident with increasing glyphosate doses. However, the rate of increase in SI was higher under glyphosate selection of young R and S plants, followed by seedlings and adult R and S plants. However, in conditions of R seedlings coexisting with adult S plants under glyphosate treatment (1000-4000 g ha ), selection against glyphosate resistance was observed. Any increase in size from the seedling stage of R plants translates into an amplification of resistance. Depending on the particular size combinations of spatially coexisting R and S plants, selection for glyphosate resistance may be faster, slower or even not evident. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
MeSH Terms
- Glycine
- Herbicide Resistance
- Herbicides
- Longevity
- Seedlings
- Sorghum
Keywords
- agroecosystem
- fitness
- perennial species
- resistance trait
Age-related deficiency in the top-down modulation of cognitive inhibition has been extensively documented, whereas the effects of age on a bottom-up or automatic operation of inhibitory function were less investigated. It is unknown that whether the older adults (OA)' reduced behavioral performance and neural responses are due to the insufficient bottom-up processes. Compared to behavioral assessments which have been widely used to examine the top-down control of response inhibition, electrophysiological recordings are more suitable to probe the early-stage processes of automatic inhibitory function. Sensory gating (SG), a phenomenon of attenuated neural response to the second identical stimulus in a paired-pulse paradigm, is an indicator to assess automatic inhibitory function of the sensory cortex. On the other hand, electricity-induced beta rebound oscillation in a single-pulse paradigm reflects cortical inhibition of the motor cortex. From the neurophysiological perspective, SG and beta rebound oscillation are replicable indicators to examine the automatic inhibitory function of human sensorimotor cortices. Thus, the present study aimed to use a whole-head magnetoencephalography (MEG) to investigate the age-related alterations of SG function in the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) and of beta rebound oscillation in the primary motor cortex (MI) in 17 healthy younger and 15 older adults. The Stimulus 2/Stimulus 1 (S2/S1) amplitude ratio in response to the paired-pulse electrical stimulation to the left median nerve was used to evaluate the automatic inhibitory function of SI, and the beta rebound response in the single-pulse paradigm was used to evaluate the automatic inhibitory function of MI. Although there were no significant age-related differences found in the SI SG ratios, the MI beta rebound power was reduced and peak latency was prolonged in the OA. Furthermore, significant association between the SI SG ratio and the MI beta rebound power, which was seen in the younger adults (YA), was absent in the OA. In conclusion, our data suggested an age-related defect of association between sensorimotor cortices regarding automatic inhibitory function.
Keywords
- aging
- beta rebound
- inhibition
- magnetoencephalography (MEG)
- somatosensory gating
Researchers' aim was to investigate if patients/physicians characteristics could differently affect males/females health care expenditure. In 2009/2010, a health-related-quality-of-life (HRQL) measure was distributed to 887 general practitioners' (GP) patients in Siena's province-Italy. Severity of diseases was calculated through Cumulative Illness Rating Scale Severity Index (CIRS-SI). Information about GPs' gender and age and patients' gender, age, and socio-economic variables were recorded. 2012 data about pharmaceutical, outpatient and hospital expenditure were obtained. Multivariate regression was carried out. In males, hospital expenditure increased with higher CIRS-SI and female GP whilst in females it was not influenced by any of the variables. Outpatient and pharmaceutical expenditure increased with aging, higher CIRS-SI, and lower HRQL and education, both in males and females. Gender differences in health expenditure determinants emerged for hospital expenditure.
MeSH Terms
- Adult
- Age Factors
- Aged
- Aging
- Drug Costs
- Drug Prescriptions
- Drug Therapy
- Female
- General Practice
- General Practitioners
- Health Care Surveys
- Health Expenditures
- Health Status
- Humans
- Length of Stay
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Quality of Life
- Socioeconomic Factors
Microglia function is essential to maintain the brain homeostasis. Evidence shows that aged microglia are primed and show exaggerated response to acute inflammatory challenge. Systemic inflammation signals to the brain inducing changes that impact cognitive function. However, the mechanisms involved in age-related cognitive decline associated to episodic systemic inflammation are not completely understood. The aim of this study was to identify neuropathological features associated to age-related cognitive decline in a mouse model of episodic systemic inflammation. Young and aged Swiss mice were injected with low doses of LPS once a week for 6 weeks to induce episodic systemic inflammation. Sickness behavior, inflammatory markers, and neuroinflammation were assessed in different phases of systemic inflammation in young and aged mice. Behavior was evaluated long term after episodic systemic inflammation by open field, forced swimming, object recognition, and water maze tests. Episodic systemic inflammation induced systemic inflammation and sickness behavior mainly in aged mice. Systemic inflammation induced depressive-like behavior in both young and aged mice. Memory and learning were significantly affected in aged mice that presented lower exploratory activity and deficits in episodic and spatial memories, compared to aged controls and to young after episodic systemic inflammation. Systemic inflammation induced acute microglia activation in young mice that returned to base levels long term after episodic systemic inflammation. Aged mice presented dystrophic microglia in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex at basal level and did not change morphology in the acute response to SI. Regardless of their dystrophic microglia, aged mice produced higher levels of pro-inflammatory (IL-1β and IL-6) as well as pro-resolution (IL-10 and IL-4) cytokines in the brain. Also, higher levels of Nox2 expression, oxidized proteins and lower antioxidant defenses were found in the aged brains compared to the young after episodic systemic inflammation. Our data show that aged mice have increased susceptibility to episodic systemic inflammation. Aged mice that showed cognitive impairments also presented higher oxidative stress and abnormal production of cytokines in their brains. These results indicate that a neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are pathophysiological mechanisms of age-related cognitive impairments.
MeSH Terms
- Aging
- Animals
- Brain
- Cognitive Dysfunction
- Disease Models, Animal
- Inflammation
- Inflammation Mediators
- Lipopolysaccharides
- Male
- Mice
- Oxidative Stress
Keywords
- Aging
- Brain
- Cytokines
- Microglia
- Nox2
- Sepsis
Age and diet may affect insulin sensitivity (SI) but these factors have received limited investigation in horses. To measure minimal model parameters during an insulin-modified frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIGTT) after adaptation to a forage only diet (HAY) or forage supplemented with either starch/sugar-rich (SS) or oil/fibre-rich (FF) concentrate feeds; and to assess glucose and insulin responses to a standardised meal challenge (SMC, 4 g/kg BW of SS) after diet adaptation in adult and aged mares. Latin square design with eight adult (5-12 years) and nine aged (>19 years) healthy mares. Diets were fed for 6 weeks, and the FSIGTT and SMC were performed after 31-32 and 41 days on each diet respectively. Data were analysed by a mixed ANOVA for repeated measures. Acute insulin response to glucose (AIRg) was greater and SI was lower in aged horses, compared with adults, regardless of diet. Both AIRg and SI were greater in aged mares after adaptation to SS, as compared with HAY. Similar trends, although not statistically significant, were observed after adaptation to SS in adult mares. Peak insulin concentration and area under the insulin vs. time curve during the SMC were greater in aged than adult mares with all diets. Furthermore, area under the glucose vs. time curve was lower after adaptation to SS, when compared with other diets, in both groups. Transient weight loss occurred at the beginning of the study and only one sex was included. Incomplete ingestion of the SMC by four mares was another limitation. Insulin responses to i.v. and enteral nonstructural carbohydrate challenge increase with age in healthy horses, regardless of diet fed.
MeSH Terms
- Aging
- Animal Feed
- Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
- Animals
- Blood Glucose
- Diet
- Female
- Glucose
- Horses
- Insulin
- Weight Loss
Keywords
- fat
- horse
- laminitis
- nonstructural carbohydrate
- pasture
Loneliness is a stressful experience that appears to interfere with health and social integration (SI). Recently, researchers proposed that both antecedents and consequences of loneliness may change across the life span. To fully understand the processes related to loneliness it may thus be crucial to adopt an age-differentiated perspective. This study contributes to the literature by investigating how the interrelationship between loneliness and SI and that between loneliness and physical health changes as people move from middle adulthood into old age. We also investigate the extent to which a person's level of negative affect (NA) may serve as age-differentiated mediator on the pathway that leads from loneliness to impaired physical health. The data for our study were gathered over up to 15 years of study from 11,010 participants in the German Ageing Survey (DEAS [Deutscher Alterssurvey]). We examined all interrelations of interest over a broad age range of 40 to 84 years by using an accelerated longitudinal data design. Autoregressive structural equation models were applied for statistical analyses. The results suggest a reciprocal relationship between loneliness and SI that appears to strengthen as people get older. The reciprocal relationship between loneliness and NA, in contrast, appears to grow weaker with increasing age. As a consequence, the NA-mediated effect that loneliness exerts on physical health may actually decrease as people grow older. We conclude that the processes related to loneliness are best understood using a developmental perspective that takes age-specific resources, roles, and living conditions into account. (PsycINFO Database Record
MeSH Terms
- Adult
- Affect
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aging
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Follow-Up Studies
- Health Status
- Humans
- Likelihood Functions
- Loneliness
- Longitudinal Studies
- Middle Aged
- Regression Analysis
- Social Behavior
The age-related decline in working memory (WM) has been studied extensively. Yet, research has focused mainly on one aspect of memory, in which older adults memorised information provided to them, neglecting the frequent everyday behaviour in which memory is self-initiated (SI), meaning that individuals memorise information they selected themselves. The present study used a modified spatial span task in which young and older adults memorised spatial sequences they constructed themselves, or random sequences provided to them. The results revealed that young and older adults carefully planned and constructed structured spatial sequences, by minimising distances between successive locations, and by selecting sequences with fewer path crossings and with more linear shapes. Older adults constructed sequences that were even more structured in some aspects. Young and older adults benefited from self-initiation to the same extent, showing similar age-related declines in SI and provided spatial WM. Overall, the study shows that older adults have access to metacognitive knowledge on the structure of efficient WM representations that benefit accuracy, and shows that older adults can use strategic encoding processes efficiently when encoding is SI. More generally, SI WM explores an important aspect of behaviour, demonstrating how older adults shape their environment to facilitate cognitive functioning.
MeSH Terms
- Adult
- Age Factors
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aging
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Memory, Short-Term
- Neuropsychological Tests
- Reaction Time
- Spatial Memory
- Young Adult
Keywords
- Spatial working memory
- aging
- grouping
- metacognition
- self-initiation
[i]Listeria monocytogenes[/i] can asymptomatically inhabit the human intestine as a commensal bacterium. However, the mechanism by which [i]L. monocytogenes[/i] is able to inhabit the intestine without pathogenic symptoms remains unclear. We compared the invasion efficiency of [i]L. monocytogenes[/i] strains with the 268- and 385-bp-long [i]act[/i]A gene. Clinical strains SMFM-CI-3 and SMFM-CI-6 with 268-bp [i]act[/i]A isolated from patients with listeriosis, and strains SMFM-SI-1 and SMFM-SI-2 with the 385-bp gene isolated from carcasses, were used for inoculum preparation. The invasion efficiency of these strains was evaluated using Caco-2 cells (intestinal epithelial cell line), prepared as normal and healthy cells with tightened tight junctions and senescent cells with loose tight junctions that were loosened by adriamycin treatment. The invasion efficiency of [i]L. monocytogenes[/i] strains with the 268-bp-long [i]act[/i]A gene was 1.1-2.6-times lower than that of the strains with the 385-bp-long gene in normal and healthy cells. However, the invasion efficiency of both types of strains did not differ in senescent cells. Thus, [i]L. monocytogenes[/i] strains with the 268-bp-long [i]act[/i]A gene can inhabit the intestine asymptomatically as a commensal bacterium, but they may invade the intestinal epithelial cells and cause listeriosis in senescent cells.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Bacterial Proteins
- Caco-2 Cells
- Cadaver
- Epithelial Cells
- Humans
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Listeriosis
- Membrane Proteins
- Virulence Factors
Keywords
- Caco-2 cells
- Listeria monocytogenes
- invasion
- senescence
- tight junction
To observe the effect of resveratrol on muscle mass, forelimb grip strength, myofibril structure and AMPK/sirt1 pathway in skeletal muscles of aged rats. Twenty aged (25 months old) SD rats were randomly divided into aged control group and resveratrol treatment group (10 in each group) with 10 young (6 months old) rats served as the young control group. In resveratrol treatment group, the rats were treated with resveratrol (mixed in chow) for 6 weeks. After the treatment, the mass of the gastrocnemius was measured and the sarcopenia index (SI) was calculated as the gastrocnemius mass (mg) to body weight (g) ratio. The forelimb grip strength of the rats was measured using a electronic grip strength meter, and the lengths of the sarcomere, I-band, A-band and H-zone of the myofibrils were determined by transmission electron microscopy. Compared with the young rats, the aged control rats had significantly lower SI of the gastrocnemius (P<0.05) and grip strength (P<0.05) with increased lengths of the sarcomere, A-band, I-band and H-zone (P<0.05) and lowered expressions of AMPK, P-AMPK, and sirt1 protein (P<0.05). Resveratrol treatment of the aged rats significantly increased the forelimb grip strength, reduced the lengths of sarcomere length, I-band and H-zone (P<0.05) and increased, P-AMPK, sirt1 protein expressions (P<0.05) without significantly affecting the SI (P>0.05) or the A-band length (P>0.05). Resveratrol does not improve the muscle mass but can increase the forelimb grip strength in aged rats possibly by activating AMPK/sirt1 pathway to improve the ultrastructure of the myofibrils.
MeSH Terms
- Adenylate Kinase
- Aging
- Animals
- Forelimb
- Muscle Strength
- Muscle, Skeletal
- Myofibrils
- Random Allocation
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Resveratrol
- Sirtuin 1
Glucose and insulin dynamics may be different in adult and aged horses. To determine the effects of age and dietary carbohydrates on glucose and insulin dynamics in healthy horses. Balanced Latin square with four isocaloric diets: CONTROL (hay plus restricted-starch-and-sugar fortified pellets), STARCH (control plus kibbled corn), FIBER (control plus unmolassed sugar beet pulp/soybean hull pellets) and SUGAR (control plus dextrose powder). A total of 16 healthy Thoroughbreds and Standardbreds divided into two age groups: ADULT (8.8 ± 2.9 years; n = 8) and AGED (20.6 ± 2.1 years; n = 8). Following dietary adaptation, horses underwent an insulin-modified frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIGTT), modified oral sugar test (OST) and dietary meal challenge. Outcome variables included: insulin sensitivity (SI), disposition index (DI), glucose effectiveness (Sg) and acute insulin response to glucose (AIRg) from the FSIGTT; peak glucose, peak insulin, time to peak, area under the curve for glucose (AUCg) and insulin (AUCi) from the OST and dietary meal challenge. Data were analyzed using multivariable linear mixed regression modelling. AIRg was higher in AGED (mean [95% confidence interval]; 582.0 [455.0-709.0]) vs. ADULT (358.0 [224.0-491.0]; P = 0.03). ADULT and AGED horses had a higher SI on STARCH (adult: 3.3 [2.3-4.2]; aged: 2.8 [1.9-3.7]) and SUGAR (adult: 3.4 [2.5-4.3]; aged: 4.0 [3.1-4.9]) diets compared with CONTROL (adult: 2.0 [1.1-2.9], P = 0.029 (starch), P = 0.009 (sugar); aged: 1.4 [0.5-2.2], P = 0.009 (starch), P < 0.001 (sugar)). Feeding a STARCH (adult: 21581.0 [15029.0-28133.0]; aged: 35205.0 [29194.0-41216.0]) or SUGAR (adult: 26050.0 [19885.0-32215.0]; aged: 25720.0 [19770.0-31670.0]) meal resulted in postprandial hyperinsulinaemia (AUCi). Study cohort contained two insulin-sensitive breeds and no insulin-resistant breeds. Age and diet should be considered when evaluating glucose and insulin dynamics.
MeSH Terms
- Aging
- Animal Feed
- Animals
- Blood Glucose
- Diet
- Dietary Carbohydrates
- Female
- Glucose
- Horses
- Insulin
- Male
Keywords
- frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test
- horse
- insulin dysregulation
- nutrition
- oral sugar test
Elder mistreatment (EM) prevalence varies greatly according to definitional criteria. However, little is known regarding the significance of different EM definitions with respect to health outcome. This paper explores the association between different definitions of EM and their subtypes and suicidal ideation (SI) in an U.S. Chinese aging population. The Population Study of ChINese Elderly in Chicago Study was conducted from 2011 to 2013 of 3157 community-dwelling Chinese older adults aged 60 years. Psychological, physical mistreatment (PM), caregiver neglect (CN), financial exploitation (FE), and overall EM were measured by different definitional approaches varying in the strictness. SI in the past 2 weeks and 12 months were assessed. After adjusting for confounders, the least restrictive EM definition (odds ratio [OR], 2.10 [1.34-3.28]; OR, 2.43 [1.66-3.55]), moderately restrictive EM definition (OR, 2.87 [1.80-4.56]; OR, 2.71 [1.82-4.04]), and most restrictive EM definition (OR, 2.24 [1.36-3.66]; OR, 2.34 [1.54-3.56]) were associated with increased risk for 2-week and 12-month SI. For subtypes of EM, psychological mistreatment (the least and most restrictive definitions, 2-week SI: OR, 2.83 [1.71-4.68]; OR, 3.13 [1.10-8.91]; 12-month SI: OR, 2.43 [1.56-3.78]; OR, 2.88 [1.10-7.54]), PM (2-week SI: OR, 5.12 [1.83-14.29]; 12-month SI: OR, 3.45 [1.30-9.13]), and FE was not associated with 2-week SI, only the broadly defined FE (OR, 1.73 [1.01-2.96]) was associated with higher odds of reporting 12-month SI. CN was only associated with higher odds of reporting 12-month SI (OR, 2.17 [1.19-3.96]; OR, 1.94 [1.24-3.04]) but not 2-week SI. EM and its subtypes were significantly associated with SI; some associations varied by definitions and subtypes.
MeSH Terms
- Aged
- Aging
- Asian Americans
- Chicago
- Elder Abuse
- Female
- Geriatric Assessment
- Humans
- Independent Living
- Male
- Prevalence
- Retrospective Studies
- Risk Assessment
- Risk Factors
- Social Support
- Suicidal Ideation
Keywords
- Aging
- Chinese population
- Elder abuse
Developmental conditions in early life frequently have long-term consequences on the adult phenotype, but the adult environment can modulate such long-term effects. Glucocorticoid hormones may be instrumental in mediating developmental effects, but the permanency of such endocrine changes is still debated. Here, we manipulated environmental conditions during development (small vs. large brood size, and hence sibling competition) and in adulthood (easy vs. hard foraging conditions) in a full factorial design in zebra finches, and studied effects on baseline (Bas-CORT) and stress-induced (SI-CORT) corticosterone in adulthood. Treatments affected Bas-CORT in females, but not in males. Females reared in small broods had intermediate Bas-CORT levels as adults, regardless of foraging conditions in adulthood, while females reared in large broods showed higher Bas-CORT levels in hard foraging conditions and lower levels in easy foraging conditions. Female Bas-CORT was also more susceptible than male Bas-CORT to non-biological variables, such as ambient temperature. In line with these results, repeatability of Bas-CORT was higher in males (up to 51%) than in females (25%). SI-CORT was not responsive to the experimental manipulations in either sex and its repeatability was high in both sexes. We conclude that Bas-CORT responsiveness to intrinsic and extrinsic conditions is higher in females than in males, and that the expression of developmental conditions may depend on the adult environment. The latter finding illustrates the critical importance of studying of causes and consequences of long-term developmental effects in other environments in addition to standard laboratory conditions.
MeSH Terms
- Aging
- Animals
- Clutch Size
- Competitive Behavior
- Exploratory Behavior
- Feeding Behavior
- Female
- Finches
- Glucocorticoids
- Growth and Development
- Male
- Sex Factors
- Sibling Relations
- Social Environment
- Stress, Psychological
Keywords
- Corticosterone
- Developmental effects
- Environmental responsiveness
- Environmental stress
- Foraging conditions
- Glucocorticoids
- Sex differences
- Taenopygia guttata
Personality traits have been found to influence health and functional ability (FA) via multiple pathways. However, personality traits may also change in reaction to constraints in FA, particularly in more vulnerable individuals with high risk of decline in independent functioning in daily life (e.g. older adults with sensory impairment). Therefore, conceptually anchored in the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF model), this study investigated reciprocal relationships between personality, focusing on neuroticism and agreeableness, and indicators of FA (i.e. activities of daily living and subjective autonomy) as well as the potentially moderating role of sensory impairment status. The study sample consisted of 387 older adults (mean age at T1: M = 82.50 years, SD = 4.71 years) who were either sensory impaired (SI; i.e. visually or hearing impaired) or sensory unimpaired (UI). A total of 168 individuals were reassessed four years later. Depending on sensory status, personality acted both as predictor and as outcome of FA. Neuroticism was more strongly related with later FA outcomes in SI than in UI individuals. FA variables, in turn, were significant predictors of later neuroticism in UI older adults only and of later agreeableness in SI individuals only. These findings suggest that the late-life personality-FA interplay needs to be considered bidirectional, and the direction of associations varies systematically as a function of sensory impairment status.
MeSH Terms
- Activities of Daily Living
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aging
- Female
- Hearing Loss
- Humans
- Independent Living
- Male
- Neuroticism
- Personality
- Vision Disorders
Keywords
- Hearing
- autonomy
- everyday competence
- old age
- vision
Inhibition-the ability to suppress goal-irrelevant information-is thought to be an important cognitive skill in many situations, including speech-in-noise (SiN) perception. One way to measure inhibition is by means of Stroop tasks, in which one stimulus dimension must be named while a second, more prepotent dimension is ignored. The to-be-ignored dimension may be relevant or irrelevant to the target dimension, and the inhibition measure-Stroop interference (SI)-is calculated as the reaction time difference between the relevant and irrelevant conditions. Both SiN perception and inhibition are suggested to worsen with age, yet attempts to connect age-related declines in these two abilities have produced mixed results. We suggest that the inconsistencies between studies may be due to methodological issues surrounding the use of Stroop tasks. First, the relationship between SI and SiN perception may differ depending on the modality of the Stroop task; second, the traditional SI measure may not account for generalized slowing or sensory declines, and thus may not provide a pure interference measure. We investigated both claims in a group of 50 older adults, who performed two Stroop tasks (visual and auditory) and two SiN perception tasks. For each Stroop task, we calculated interference scores using both the traditional difference measure and methods designed to address its various problems, and compared the ability of these different scoring methods to predict SiN performance, alone and in combination with hearing sensitivity. Results from the two Stroop tasks were uncorrelated and had different relationships to SiN perception. Changing the scoring method altered the nature of the predictive relationship between Stroop scores and SiN perception, which was additionally influenced by hearing sensitivity. These findings raise questions about the extent to which different Stroop tasks and/or scoring methods measure the same aspect of cognition. They also highlight the importance of considering additional variables such as hearing ability when analyzing cognitive variables.
Keywords
- Stroop tasks
- aging
- inhibition
- scoring
- speech-in-noise
The aim of this study was to use the dual control model of sexual response (DCM) to investigate variation in sexual well-being among women 50 years of age and older. Data from 185 women 50 years of age and older (M = 59.46, SD = 6.96) were used to examine the relationships between sexual excitation (SE) and sexual inhibition (SI) and their lower-order factors to indicators of sexual well-being (i.e., sexual functioning, satisfaction, distress, frequency of sexual activity, and breadth of sexual behavior). Possible moderating factors were also explored. Independently, SE and SI were associated with the majority of the indicators of sexual well-being, and the directions of associations were consistent with the tenets of the DCM. SE and SI lower-order factors were significant predictors of sexual function, satisfaction, and frequency of sexual activity. Sexual distress was predicted more strongly by SI factors and breadth of sexual behavior by one SE lower-order factor (arousability). Partner physical and mental health and participant's own mental health were identified as moderating variables of these associations. Findings of this study are discussed considering the contribution of the DCM to understanding the role of diversity in older women's sexual well-being.
MeSH Terms
- Aged
- Aging
- Female
- Humans
- Middle Aged
- Personal Satisfaction
- Sexual Behavior
- Sexual Partners
- Women
The shock index (SI), modified shock index (MSI), and age multiplied by SI (Age SI) are used to assess the severity and predict the mortality of trauma patients, but their validity for geriatric patients is controversial. The purpose of this investigation was to assess predictive value of the SI, MSI, and Age SI for geriatric trauma patients. We used the Emergency Department-based Injury In-depth Surveillance (EDIIS), which has data from 20 EDs across Korea. Patients older than 65 years who had traumatic injuries from January 2008 to December 2013 were enrolled. We compared in-hospital and ED mortality of groups categorized as stable and unstable according to indexes. We also assessed their predictive power of each index by calculating the area under the each receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve. A total of 45,880 cases were included. The percentage of cases classified as unstable was greater among non-survivors than survivors for the SI (36.6% vs. 1.8%, P < 0.001), the MSI (38.6% vs. 2.2%, P < 0.001), and the Age SI (69.4% vs. 21.3%, P < 0.001). Non-survivors had higher median values than survivors on the SI (0.84 vs. 0.57, P < 0.001), MSI (0.79 vs. 1.14, P < 0.001), and Age SI (64.0 vs. 41.5, P < 0.001). The predictive power of the Age SI for in-hospital mortality was higher than SI (AUROC: 0.740 vs. 0.674, P < 0.001) or MSI (0.682, P < 0.001) in geriatric trauma patients.
MeSH Terms
- Aged
- Area Under Curve
- Blood Pressure
- Emergency Service, Hospital
- Female
- Heart Rate
- Hospital Mortality
- Humans
- Injury Severity Score
- Male
- ROC Curve
- Retrospective Studies
- Shock
Keywords
- Emergency Medical Services
- Geriatrics
- Shock
- Trauma
In the present study, we examined whether and by what mechanisms dexmedetomidine (DMED) prevents the development of systemic inflammation (SI)-induced cognitive dysfunction in aged rats. Animals received a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of either 5.0 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or vehicle. LPS-treated rats were further divided into three groups: early DMED, late DMED, or midazolam (MDZ) treatment (n = 12 each). Seven days after LPS injection, cognitive function was evaluated using a novel object recognition task, followed by measurement of hippocampal levels of proinflammatory cytokines and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) expression. For ex vivo experiments, microglia were isolated from the hippocampus for assessment of cytokine response to LPS. LPS-treated rats showed memory deficits, hippocampal neuroinflammation, and TLR-4 upregulation as compared to saline-treated animals. However, early DMED treatment was able to attenuate these SI-induced neurocognitive changes, whereas no benefits were observed in the MDZ and late DMED treatment groups. In ex vivo experiments, early DMED treatment prevented the development of SI-induced excessive microglial hyperactivation, which was blocked by the nonspecific α -adrenergic receptor (AR) antagonist atipamezole or the specific α -AR antagonist BRL-44408, but not by the specific α -AR antagonist [[ARC]]-239. On the other hand, neither DMED nor MDZ had a direct effect on LPS-induced release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from hippocampal microglia at clinically relevant concentrations. Our findings highlight that treatment with DMED during, but not after, peripheral SI can prevent subsequent hippocampal neuroinflammation, overexpression of TLR-4 in microglia, and cognitive dysfunction, as mediated by the α -AR signaling pathway.
MeSH Terms
- Aging
- Animals
- Cognitive Dysfunction
- Dexmedetomidine
- Hippocampus
- Hypnotics and Sedatives
- Imidazoles
- Inflammation
- Isoindoles
- Isoquinolines
- Lipopolysaccharides
- Male
- Memory Disorders
- Neuroprotective Agents
- Piperazines
- Rats
- Signal Transduction
Keywords
- Cognitive function
- Dexmedetomidine
- Microglia
- Neuroinflammation
Intact function of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) function relies on proper development of excitatory and inhibitory neuronal populations and on integral myelination processes. Social isolation (SI) affects behavior and brain circuitry in adulthood, but previous rodent studies typically induced prolonged (post-weaning) exposure and failed to directly compare between the effects of SI in adolescent and adulthood. Here, we assessed the impact of a 3-week SI period, starting in mid-adolescence (around the onset of puberty) or adulthood, on a wide range of behaviors in adult male mice. Additionally, we asked whether adolescent SI would differentially affect the expression of excitatory and inhibitory neuronal markers and myelin-related genes in mPFC. Our findings indicate that mid-adolescent or adult SI increase anxiogenic behavior and locomotor activity. However, SI in adolescence uniquely affects the response to the psychotomimetic drug amphetamine, social and novelty exploration and performance in reversal and attentional set shifting tasks. Furthermore, adolescent but not adult SI increased the expression of glutamate markers in the adult mPFC. Our results imply that adolescent social deprivation is detrimental for normal development and may be particularly relevant to the investigation of developmental psychopathology.
MeSH Terms
- Aging
- Animals
- Avian Proteins
- Central Nervous System Stimulants
- Dextroamphetamine
- Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Glutaminase
- Locomotion
- Male
- Maze Learning
- Mice
- Prefrontal Cortex
- RNA, Messenger
- Recognition, Psychology
- Social Behavior
- Social Isolation
- Transcription Factors
- Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1
Keywords
- GABA
- Glutamate
- Medial prefrontal cortex
- Mouse
- Psychiatric disorders
- Social isolation
To investigate the urination-reducing effect and mechanism of Zhuangyao Jianshen Wan (ZYJCW). In this study, SI rats were subcutaneously injected with 150 mg · kg(-1) dose of D-galactose to prepare the sub-acute aging model and randomly divided into the model group, the Suoquan Wan group (1.17 g · kg(-1) · d(-1)), and ZYJCW high, medium and low dose groups (2.39, 1.20, 0.60 g · kg(-1) · d(-1)) , with normal rats in the blank group. They were continuously administered with drugs for eight weeks. The metabolic cage method was adopted to measure the 24 h urine volume and 5 h water load urine volume in rats. The automatic biochemistry analyzer was adopted to detect urine concentrations of Na , Cl-, K . The ELISA method was used to determine serum aldosterone (ALD) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH). The changes in P2X1 and P2X3 mRNA expressions in bladder tissues of rats were detected by RT-PCR. According to the results, both ZYJCW high and medium dose groups showed significant down-regulations in 24 h urine volume and 5 h water load urine volume in (P <0.05, P <0.01), declines in Na and Cl- concentrations in urine (P <0.01), notable rises in plasma ALD and ADH contents (P <0.05, P <0.01) and remarkable down-regulations in the P2X1 and P2X3 mRNA expressions in bladder tissues (P <0.01). The ZYJCW low dose group revealed obvious reductions in Na and Cl- concentrations in urine (P <0.01). The results indicated that ZYJCW may show the urination-reducing effect by down-regulating the P2X1 and P2X3 mRNA expressions in bladder tissues of rats with diuresis caused by kidney deficiency.
MeSH Terms
- Aging
- Animals
- Diuresis
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Kidney Diseases
- RNA, Messenger
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Purinergic P2X1
- Receptors, Purinergic P2X3
- Urinary Bladder
To evaluate the signal intensity (SI) of the intervertebral discs of the cervical spine on magnetic resonance (MR) fluid sensitive sequences, and correlate this to secondary signs of degeneration on MR and radiographs as well as to age. A total of 265 patients aged ≥16 with back pain (≥3-months, <2-year, onset <45-years) from the SPondyloArthritis Caught Early (SPACE) cohort were included. Sagittal 1.5 T MR images and lateral radiographs of the cervical spine were independently evaluated by two readers for: SI of the intervertebral discs using a grading system based of Pfirrmann (grade 1 normal/bright SI; 2 inhomogeneous/bright SI; 3 inhomogeneous/mildly decreased SI; 4 inhomogeneous/markedly decreased SI; 5 signal void), disc herniation and Modic changes (MRI) and disc space narrowing, osteophytes and sclerosis (radiograph). Readers were blinded for clinical information. Descriptive statistics were used for characteristics and prevalence of findings, and regression analysis was used for age and grades. Of 265 patients (36% male, mean age 30), 221 (83%) patients had 1 to 6 discs (median 4) with decreased SI. Of 1,590 discs, 737 (46%) were grade 1; 711 (45%) grade 2; 133 (8%) grade 3; 8 (1%) grade 4 and 1 (0%) grade 5. Secondary signs of degeneration were rare and seen predominantly in C5-C7 and appear to be related to signal loss grade 3 and 4. Low signal intensity of intervertebral discs in absence of secondary degenerative signs in the cervical spine on fluid sensitive MR images might be pre-existing and part of the natural course.
MeSH Terms
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aging
- Axis, Cervical Vertebra
- Cerebrospinal Fluid
- Female
- Humans
- Image Enhancement
- Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted
- Intervertebral Disc
- Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Observer Variation
- Reproducibility of Results
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Signal-To-Noise Ratio
- Young Adult
Keywords
- Cervical spine
- Fluid sensitive MR
- Signal intensity of intervertebral discs
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of hyperinsulinemia/Type 2 diabetes mellitus (HI-T2DM) on hearing impairment using rhesus monkeys to obtain control over diet and lifestyle factors that confound human studies. The study is a retrospective evaluation of rhesus monkeys from the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (WNPRC) study on caloric restriction and aging. The research questions were the following: 1. Is HI-T2DM related to hearing impairment? 2. If so, what is the site of lesion in the auditory system? and 3. What physiological factors affect the risk of hearing loss in HI-T2DM? Three groups of eight monkeys each were matched by sex and age; the caloric restricted (CR) monkeys had a reduced risk of diabetes, the normal control (NL) group had a normal risk, and the hyperinsulinemia/diabetes (HI-D) group had already developed HI-T2DM. Auditory testing included distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) with f2 frequencies from 2211 to 8837 Hz and auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) obtained with clicks and tone bursts (8, 16, and 32 kHz). DPOAEs had signal-to-noise ratios 8-17 dB larger in the NL group than in the HI-D and CR groups, signifying that cochlear function was best in the NL group. ABR thresholds were 5-8 dB better in the NL group than in the HI-D group, although no significant differences across the groups were evident for the thresholds, latencies, interwave intervals, or amplitudes. Correlations were significant for quadratic relations between body mass index (BMI) and DPOAE, with largest DPOAEs for animals in the middle of the BMI range. ABR thresholds elicited with 16 and 32 kHz signals were significantly correlated, positively with BMI and HbA1c, and negatively with KG (glucose tolerance), SI (insulin sensitivity index) and DI (disposition index). These findings suggest that the hearing loss associated with HI-T2DM is predominantly cochlear, and auditory structures underlying the higher frequencies are at risk with HI-T2DM. Loss of auditory function begins in the hyperinsulinemia, pre-diabetic state.
MeSH Terms
- Aging
- Animals
- Auditory Threshold
- Blood Glucose
- Body Mass Index
- Caloric Restriction
- Cochlea
- Diabetes Complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
- Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem
- Female
- Hearing
- Hearing Loss
- Hyperinsulinism
- Life Style
- Macaca mulatta
- Male
- Models, Animal
- Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous
- Prediabetic State
- Reproducibility of Results
- Retrospective Studies
- Risk Factors
- Signal-To-Noise Ratio
Keywords
- Age-related hearing loss
- Auditory evoked potentials
- Caloric restriction
- Distortion product otoacoustic emissions
- Hearing
- Hyperinsulinemia
- Rhesus macaque
- Type 2 diabetes
Many species show diet-induced flexibility of activity of intestinal enzymes; however, molecular and genetic mechanisms responsible for such modulation are less known, particularly in altricial birds. The goal of our study was to test whether a diet-induced increase in activity of intestinal maltase and sucrase in house sparrow nestlings is matched with an increase in maltase-glucoamylase (MG) and sucrase-isomaltase (SI) complex mRNAs respectively. Both enzyme activities were significantly higher in mid-intestine of nestlings fed a medium-starch (MS) diet compared to those fed a starch-free (SF) diet. In contrast to the similar pattern of dietary induction for both enzyme activities, diet MS elevated significantly only the level of MG mRNA, but not SI mRNA. The coordinated increase in activity of maltase and in MG mRNA is consistent with the hypothesis that dietary induction of this enzyme is under transcriptional control. In contrast, the lack of such coordination for changes in activity of sucrase and SI mRNA suggests that upregulation of this enzyme may be achieved by post-translational factor(s). We conclude that genetic mechanisms responsible for diet-induced flexibility of digestive enzymes in birds may differ from that observed in mammals.
MeSH Terms
- Aging
- Animals
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Glycoside Hydrolases
- Intestines
- RNA, Messenger
- Sparrows
- Sucrase
- Transcription, Genetic
- alpha-Glucosidases
Keywords
- digestive flexibility
- enzyme activity
- gene expression
- house sparrow
- maltase-glucoamylase
- nestlings
- small intestine
- sucrase-isomaltase
The cowpea bruchid (Callosobruchus maculatus) is the most important storage pest of grain legumes and comprises geographically distinct strains. Storage under a modified atmosphere with decreased O2 content represents an alternative to chemical fumigants for pest control of stored grains. In this study, we compared reproduction, development and survival, as well as genome size of bruchid strains from South India (SI), Burkina Faso (BF), Niger (CmNnC) and the United States (OH), reared on mung bean (Vigna radiata). Fecundity and egg-to-adult duration varied significantly among these strains. Notably, strain BF had the highest fecundity, and strain SI displayed the fastest development whereas strain OH was the slowest. Differences in adult lifespan among strains were only detected in unmated but not in the mated group. Genome size of SI females was significantly larger than that of OH females, and for all four strains, the female genomes were larger than those of their corresponding males. Furthermore, we studied effects of exposure to 1% O2 99% N2 on strains SI and BF. Mortality caused by hypoxia was influenced by not only developmental stage but also by insect strain. Eggs were most sensitive, particularly at the early stage, whereas the 3rd and 4th instar larvae were most tolerant and could survive up to 15 days of low O2. Strain SI was slightly more resistant than BF in egg and larval stages. Proteolytic activity prior to, during and after hypoxia treatment revealed remarkable metabolic plasticity of cowpea bruchids in response to modified atmosphere.
MeSH Terms
- Africa, Western
- Anaerobiosis
- Animals
- Coleoptera
- Fabaceae
- Female
- India
- Larva
- Life Cycle Stages
- Longevity
- Male
- Oxygen
- Reproduction
- United States
Keywords
- Callosobruchus maculatus
- Genome size
- Modified atmosphere
- Strains
- Vigna radiata
Delay discounting (DD), a decline in subjective value of a reward with increasing temporal delay in receipt of that reward, is an established behavioral indicator of impulsivity. Preference for smaller-immediate over larger-delayed rewards has been implicated in the basic neurobehavioral mechanisms of risk for addictive disorders and related externalizing psychopathology. Establishing long-term stability of DD in adolescence is a necessary step towards its validation as an intermediate phenotype, or marker of risk, in neurobiological and genetic studies. Previous studies have demonstrated moderate to high test-retest reliability of DD, however, these studies utilized adult samples and examined relatively short retest intervals. Due to continuing development of brain and behavior, stability of temporal discounting behavior in adolescence may differ from that in adulthood. Here, two cohorts of adolescents aged 16 (n=126) and 18 (n=111) were administered a computerized test of DD and re-tested two years later. DD rate showed a modest but significant decrease with age, suggesting a reduction in overall impulsivity from middle to late adolescence. Significant test-retest correlations were observed in both cohorts (.67 and .76, respectively, p<.001) indicating longitudinal stability of individual differences in decision-making behavior during middle and late adolescence. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: insert SI title.
MeSH Terms
- Adolescent
- Aging
- Cohort Studies
- Conditioning, Operant
- Decision Making
- Delay Discounting
- Female
- Humans
- Impulsive Behavior
- Longitudinal Studies
- Male
- Psychology, Adolescent
- Reproducibility of Results
- Reward
Keywords
- Decision making
- Delay discounting
- Impulsivity
- Reward
The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of kinetin (Kn) on immunity and splenic lymphocyte proliferation in vitro of aging rats induced by D-galactose (D-gal). Fifty SD rats were randomly divided into five groups: control group, aging model group, Kn low dose group, Kn middle dose group and Kn high dose group. The aging model group was proposed by napes subcutaneous injection of D-gal (125 mg/kg) for 45 d, and anti-aging groups were intragastrically administered with 5, 10, 20 mg/kg of Kn respectively from day 11. IgG, IgA, IgM contents of serum, the apoptosis percentage, stimulation index (SI) and proliferation index (PI) of splenic lymphocyte in vitro were evaluated. The results showed that the apoptosis percentage of splenic lymphocyte in aging model rats was higher, the serum IgG, IgA and IgM contents, SI and PI were lower than control group. Kn significantly decreased the apoptosis percentage of splenic lymphocyte, while increased the serum IgG, IgA and IgM contents, SI and PI in aging model group. These results suggest that Kn could inhibit the apoptosis, while promote the proliferation of splenic lymphocyte, and then effectively enhance the immune power of the aging rats and slow down the aging process.
MeSH Terms
- Aging
- Animals
- Antibodies
- Apoptosis
- Cell Proliferation
- Galactose
- Kinetin
- Lymphocytes
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Spleen
Suicidal behaviors are of significant concern for the individuals displaying such behavior and for service providers who encounter them. Using nationally representative samples of Canadian and American adults, we aimed to examine: whether age moderates the relationship between having any anxiety disorder and suicide ideation (SI), the prevalence of SI among younger and older adults, and whether age and individual anxiety disorders were differentially associated with SI. Age moderated the relationship between any anxiety disorder and SI among Americans only. Past-year SI was less prevalent among older, compared to younger, adults; though, nearly every anxiety disorder was associated with increased odds of SI among younger and older Canadian and American adults after controlling for covariates. Effect sizes were particularly large for older American adults, but were coupled with large confidence intervals. Findings contribute to a growing literature suggesting that SI in the context of anxiety is a highly prevalent and complex mental health problem across the adult lifespan.
MeSH Terms
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Age Factors
- Aged
- Anxiety Disorders
- Canada
- Educational Status
- Female
- Health Surveys
- Humans
- Male
- Marital Status
- Middle Aged
- Prevalence
- Risk Factors
- Substance-Related Disorders
- Suicidal Ideation
- Suicide, Attempted
- United States
- Young Adult
Keywords
- Aging
- Anxiety disorder
- Cross-national
- Epidemiology
- Suicide
The relationship of body mass index (BMI) with footprint parameters has been studied in paediatric populations, but there are limited data regarding the effects of BMI on parameters in the elderly. To establish the relationship between BMI and static footprint parameters in the elderly population. 128 subjects aged 65 and above with no history of lower extremity surgical intervention and no significant lower extremity weakness were included in the current study. BMI and footprint parameters of arch angle, Chippaux-Smirak index (CSI), Staheli index (SI), arch index (AI) and footprint index (FI) were measured for each subject, and statistical analysis was done to investigate the correlation between BMI and the parameters. Weak correlations detected between all calculated indices and angles with BMI, except the left foot arch angle. CSI, SI and AI of the right foot were found to be positively correlated with BMI, while a negative correlation between the arch angle and FI of right foot was shown with BMI. The results reveal a relationship between BMI and footprint parameters that are indicative of flatfoot in the elderly. This could be due either to confounding of the footprint measure by fat or possibly due to an as yet unknown structural change that requires further evaluation.
MeSH Terms
- Aged
- Anthropometry
- Body Mass Index
- Female
- Flatfoot
- Foot
- Humans
- Male
- Software
Keywords
- Footprint
- Geriatrics
- Obesity
This paper focuses on the relationship between functional ability (FA) and positive affect (PA), a major component of well-being, in sensory impaired very old adults (SI) compared with sensory unimpaired individuals (UI). Previous research mostly suggests a robust causal impact of FA on PA. However, some research, drawing from Fredrickson's broaden-and-build theory, also points to the possibility of an inverse causality between FA and PA. We examine in this paper both of these causal directions in SI as well as UI individuals across a 4year observation period. Additionally, we checked for the role of negative affect (NA). The T1-T2 sample comprised 81 out of 237 SI individuals (visually or hearing impaired) assessed at T1, with a mean age at T1 of 81.8years, and 87 UI individuals out of 150 assessed at T1, with a mean age at T1 of 81.5years. Established scales were used to assess FA, PA, and NA. Using cross-lagged panel analysis to examine the direction of causality, our findings indicate that FA has significant impact on PA in both the SI and the UI group, whereas the alternative causal pathway was not confirmed. Both cross-lagged relationships between FA and NA were non-significant. No group differences in path strengths between SI and UI were present. Our study provides evidence that FA is a key competence for successful emotional aging in vulnerable groups of very old adults such as SI as well as in UI adults in advanced old age.
MeSH Terms
- Activities of Daily Living
- Affect
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aging
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Geriatric Assessment
- Hearing Loss
- Humans
- Male
- Socioeconomic Factors
- Vision Disorders
Keywords
- Causal direction
- Functional ability
- Positive affect
- Sensory impairment
- Very old age
Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) in humans and animals has been shown to impair social development. Molecules that mediate synaptic plasticity and learning in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), specifically brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its downstream signaling molecule, early growth response protein 1 (egr1), have been shown to affect the regulation of social interactions (SI). In this study we determined the effects of PCE on SI and the corresponding ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in developing mice. Furthermore, we studied the PCE-induced changes in the constitutive expression of BDNF, egr1 and their transcriptional regulators in the mPFC as a possible molecular mechanism mediating the altered SI. In prenatal cocaine-exposed (PCOC) mice we identified increased SI and USV production at postnatal day (PD) 25, and increased SI but not USVs at PD35. By PD45 the expression of both social behaviors normalized in PCOC mice. At the molecular level, we found increased BDNF exon IV and egr1 mRNA in the mPFC of PCOC mice at PD30 that normalized by PD45. This was concurrent with increased EGR1 protein in the mPFC of PCOC mice at PD30, suggesting a role of egr1 in the enhanced SI observed in juvenile PCOC mice. Additionally, by measuring the association of acetylation of histone 3 at lysine residues 9 and 14 (acH3K9,14) and MeCP2 at the promoters of BDNF exons I and IV and egr1, our results provide evidence of promoter-specific alterations in the mPFC of PCOC juvenile mice, with increased association of acH3K9,14 only at the BDNF exon IV promoter. These results identify a potential PCE-induced molecular alteration as the underlying neurobiological mechanism mediating the altered social development in juvenile mice.
MeSH Terms
- Aging
- Animals
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
- Cocaine
- Early Growth Response Protein 1
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Interpersonal Relations
- Male
- Mice
- Pregnancy
- Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
- Social Behavior
- Vocalization, Animal
This study examines patterns of endorsements of active suicide ideation (SI), passive SI (synonymous with death ideation), and psychological distress (i.e., depressive and anxious symptomatology) in a sample of vulnerable older adults. Data were collected via in-home interviews with aging services care management clients aged 60 years and older (n = 377). The Paykel scale for suicide measured the most severe level of suicidality over the past year, and the ninth item of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) measured current passive/active SI. The remaining items from the PHQ (i.e., PHQ-8) and the Goldberg Anxiety scale measured distress. Latent class analysis revealed a four-class model: a group with mild distress and no active SI, a group with high distress and no ideation, a group with mild distress and both passive and active SI, and a group with high distress and both passive and active SI. Results indicate that passive SI rarely presents in vulnerable older adults in the absence of significant risk factors for suicide (i.e., psychological distress or active SI). Thus, the desire for death and the belief that life is not worth living do not appear to be normative in late life.
MeSH Terms
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aging
- Depression
- Female
- Humans
- Incidence
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
- Risk Assessment
- Risk Factors
- Suicidal Ideation
- Suicide
- Surveys and Questionnaires
- United States
Keywords
- Aging Services
- Anxiety
- Depression
- Geriatrics
- Risk assessment
- Suicidal ideation
- Suicide
The aim of the present study was to show an association between restricted activity related to chronic diseases and suicidal ideation (SI) in elderly Korean adults after adjusting for age, sex, mental health status, socioeconomic position and health behavior factors. The study sample included 3545 Korean men (n=1473) and women (n=2073), aged over 65 years from the 2007-2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey carried out by the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Korea. Participants were classified into two groups based on whether they had previously experienced suicidal thoughts. Restricted activity was related to chronic conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular accident and so on. We analyzed the data using Student's t-test or χ(2) -test. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between restricted activity as the independent variable and SI as the dependent variable after adjustment for confounders. The proportion of participants with SI population was 29.1%. People with SI reported a significantly higher proportion of restrictive activity (62.3%) than those who did not have SI (34.5%). The adjusted risk excess (OR) of SI was statistically significant with regard to restricted activity (2.11, 95% CI 1.65-2.70; 2.85, 95% CI 1.95-4.15) in males; 1.69 (95% CI 1.22-2.34) in females after adjustment for potential confounders. In particular, women who lived alone showed high adjusted OR (1.50, 95% CI 1.01-2.24). Statistical analyses from this community-based, random sample drawn from a selected sample of the elderly Korean population showed that restricted activity appears to be significantly associated with SI.
MeSH Terms
- Activities of Daily Living
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Chronic Disease
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Female
- Geriatric Assessment
- Health Status
- Humans
- Incidence
- Male
- Motor Activity
- Nutrition Surveys
- Republic of Korea
- Retrospective Studies
- Risk Factors
- Socioeconomic Factors
- Suicidal Ideation
- Survival Rate
Keywords
- aging
- mental health
- restricted activity
- suicidal ideation
Natural leaf senescence was investigated in four rainfed lowland rice cultivars, FR 13A (tolerant to submergence), Sabita and Sarala (adapted to medium depth, 0-50 cm stagnant flooding) and Dengi (conventional farmers' cultivar). Changes in the levels of pigment content, CO2 photosynthetic rate, photosystem II photochemistry and anti-oxidant enzyme activities of flag leaves during grain-filling stage were investigated. Chlorophyll content, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II and CO2 photosynthetic rate decreased significantly with the progress of grain-filling. Likely, the activities of antioxidant enzymes namely, superoxide dismutase, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase decreased with progress of grain-filling. A substantial difference was observed among the four cultivars for the sustainability index (SI) of different photosynthetic parameters and antioxidant enzyme activities; SIs of those parameters, in general, were lower in low yielding cultivar FR 13A compared to the other three cultivars. Among the four cultivars Sabita gave maximum grain yield. Yet, SI of Pn was greater in Sarala and Dengi compared to the Sabita. SIs of electron transport (ETo/CS), maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), area above Fo and Fm, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase were also greater in Sarala and Dengi. The data showed that among the different Chl a fluorescence parameters, PI could be used with greater accuracy to distinguish slow and fast senescence rice cultivars during grain-filling period. It was concluded that maintaining the vitality of rice plants during grain-filling gave guarantee to synthesize carbohydrate, however greater yield could be realized provided superior yield attributing parameters are present.
Keywords
- Antioxidant enzymes
- Flag leaf
- Natural leaf senescence
- Photosynthetic characteristics
- Rice
Alcohol exposure on postnatal days (PND) 4-9 in the rat adversely affects hippocampal anatomy and function and impairs performance on a variety of hippocampus-dependent tasks. Exposure during this developmental window reveals a linear relationship between alcohol dose and spatial learning impairment in the context preexposure facilitation effect (CPFE), a hippocampus-dependent variant of contextual fear conditioning. The purpose of the current report was to examine the effect of a range of alcohol doses administered during a narrower window, PND7-9, than previously reported (Experiment 1) and to begin to determine which memory processes involved in this task are impaired by developmental alcohol exposure (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, rats pups received a single day binge alcohol dose of either 2.75, 4.00, 5.25 g/kg/day or were sham-intubated (SI) from PND7-9. Conditioned freezing during the test day was evident in all dosing groups, except for Group 5.25 g, indicating no graded dose-related behavioral deficits with alcohol exposure limited to PND7-9. In Experiment 2, rat pups were exposed to the highest effective dose from Experiment 1 (5.25 g/kg/day) or were sham intubated over PND7-9. During training, rats remained in the conditioning context for 5-min following immediate shock delivery. During this test of post-shock freezing, both SI and alcohol-exposed rats given prior exposure to the conditioning context showed comparable freezing levels. Since alcohol-exposed rats showed normal post-shock freezing, deficits by these rats on the test day likely reflect a failure to consolidate or retrieve a context-shock association, rather than a deficit in hippocampal conjunctive processes (consolidation, pattern completion) that occur prior to shock on the training day. These findings illustrate the value of the CPFE for characterizing the separable memory processes that are impaired by neonatal alcohol exposure in this task.
MeSH Terms
- Aging
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Body Weight
- Conditioning, Psychological
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Ethanol
- Fear
- Female
- Male
- Memory
- Rats
- Rats, Long-Evans
Keywords
- Context preexposure facilitation effect (CPFE)
- Development
- Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
- Hippocampus
- Neonatal alcohol exposure
- Spatial cognition
Although the effect of temporal pressure on spatio-temporal aspects of motor coordination and posture is well established in young adults, there is a clear lack of data on elderly subjects. This work examined the aging-related effects of temporal pressure on movement synchronization and dynamic stability. Sixteen young and eleven elderly subjects performed series of simultaneous rapid leg flexions in an erect posture paired with ipsilateral index-finger extensions, minimizing the difference between heel and finger movement onsets. This task was repeated ten times under two temporal conditions (self-initiated [[[SI]]] vs. reaction-time [RT]). Results showed that, first, temporal pressure modified movement synchronization; the finger extension preceded swing heel-off in RT, and inversely in SI. Synchronization error and associated standard deviation were significantly greater in elderly than in young adults in SI only, i.e. in the condition where proprioception is thought to be crucial for temporal coordination. Secondly, both groups developed a significantly shorter mediolateral (ML) anticipatory postural adjustment duration in RT (high temporal pressure) than in SI. In both groups, this shortening was compensated by an increase in the anticipatory peak of centre-of-gravity (CoG) acceleration towards the stance-leg so that ML dynamic stability at foot-off, quantified with the "extrapolated centre-of-mass", remained unchanged across temporal conditions. This increased CoG acceleration was associated with an increased anticipatory peak of ML centre-of-pressure shift towards the swing-leg in young adults only. This suggested that the ability to accelerate the CoG with the centre-of-pressure shift was degraded in elderly, probably due to weakness in the lower limb muscles. Dynamic stability at foot-off was also degraded in elderly, with a consequent increased risk of ML imbalance and falling. The present study provides new insights into the ability of elderly adults to deal with temporal pressure constraints in adapting whole-body coordination of postural and focal components of paired movement.
MeSH Terms
- Acceleration
- Adult
- Age Factors
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aging
- Biomechanical Phenomena
- Female
- Fingers
- Humans
- Leg
- Male
- Pilot Projects
- Postural Balance
- Posture
- Pressure
- Proprioception
- Range of Motion, Articular
- Time Factors
- Young Adult
Age-related changes are well documented in the primary somatosensory cortex (SI). Based on previous somatosensory evoked potential studies, the amplitude of N20 typically increases with age probably due to cortical disinhibition. However, less is known about age-related change in the secondary somatosensory cortex (SII). The current study quantified age-related changes across SI and SII mainly based on oscillatory activity indices measured with magnetoencephalography. We recorded somatosensory evoked magnetic fields (SEFs) to right median nerve stimulation in healthy young and old subjects and assessed major SEF components. Then, we evaluated the phase-locking factor (PLF) for local field synchrony on neural oscillations and the weighted phase-lag index (wPLI) for cortico-cortical synchrony between SI and SII. PLF was significantly increased in SI along with the increased amplitude of N20m in the old subjects. PLF was also increased in SII associated with a shortened peak latency of SEFs. wPLI analysis revealed the increased coherent activity between SI and SII. Our results suggest that the functional coupling between SI and SII is influenced by the cortical disinhibition due to normal aging. We provide the first electrophysiological evidence for age-related changes in oscillatory neural activities across the somatosensory areas.
MeSH Terms
- Adult
- Aging
- Electric Stimulation
- Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory
- Female
- Humans
- Magnetoencephalography
- Male
- Median Nerve
- Middle Aged
- Parietal Lobe
- Somatosensory Cortex
Keywords
- Aging
- Cortical disinhibition
- Oscillatory activity
- Phase-locking factor (PLF)
- Secondary somatosensory area (SII)
- Weighted phase-lag index (wPLI)
Older men have a higher rate of suicide than the general population, but little is known about the prevalence and correlates of suicidality among older male veterans. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence, and risk and protective factors associated with current suicidal ideation (SI) and past suicide attempt (SA) in a contemporary, nationally representative sample of older male veterans. We analyzed data from 1962 male veterans aged 60 or older who participated in the National Health and Resilience Veterans Survey (NHRVS) between October and December 2011. Bivariate analyses and multivariate logistic regression were used to evaluate risk and protective factors associated with current SI and past SA in the full sample, and separately among combat and non-combat veterans. Six percent of the sample reported past 2-week SI, and combat veterans were more likely to contemplate suicide (9.2%) than non-combat (4.0%) veterans. Lifetime SA was reported by 2.6% of respondents. Major depression and physical health difficulties were the strongest risk factors for SI in combat veterans, while generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) was the strongest risk factor for SI in non-combat veterans. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was independently associated with SI in both groups of veterans, and social connectedness was negatively related to SI in both groups. These results suggest that a significant proportion of older male veterans in the United States contemplates suicide, with higher rates of SI among combat than non-combat veterans. Interventions designed to mitigate psychological distress and physical difficulties, and to promote social connectedness may help mitigate suicidality risk in this population.
MeSH Terms
- Activities of Daily Living
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aging
- Depressive Disorder, Major
- Health Surveys
- Humans
- Logistic Models
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Multivariate Analysis
- Resilience, Psychological
- Risk Factors
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
- Suicidal Ideation
- Suicide, Attempted
- United States
- Veterans
Keywords
- Older
- Protective
- Resilience
- Risk
- Suicidal ideation
- Suicide
- Veterans
Older adults who have recently fallen demonstrate increased postural sway compared with non-fallers. However, the differences in postural control between older adults who were seriously injured (SI) as a result of a fall, compared with those who fell but were not injured (NSI) and non-fallers (NFs), has not been investigated. The objective of the present study was to investigate the underlying postural control mechanisms related to injuries resulting from a fall. Both traditional postural sway measures of foot center-of-pressure (CoP) displacements and fractal measures, the Stabilogram-Diffusion Analysis (SDA), were used to characterize the postural control. One hundred older adults aged 65-91years were tested during narrow base upright stance in eyes closed condition; falls were monitored over a 1-year period. Forty-nine older adults fell during the 1-year follow-up, 13 were seriously injured as a result of a fall (SI), 36 were not injured (NSI), and 49 were non-fallers (NFs); two passed away. The SDA showed significantly higher short-term diffusion coefficients and critical displacements in SI in the anterior-posterior direction compared with both NSI and NF. However, in the medio-lateral direction there were no statistically significant differences between groups. For the traditional measures of sway, the average anterior-posterior CoP range was also larger in SI individuals. This work suggests that older fallers with a deterioration of anterior-posterior postural control may be at higher risk of serious injury following fall events.
MeSH Terms
- Accidental Falls
- Aging
- Female
- Foot
- Humans
- Male
- Movement
- Postural Balance
- Posture
- Prospective Studies
- Wounds and Injuries
Data describing urinary health in elderly, community-dwelling prostate cancer (PCa) survivors are limited. To elucidate the prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms, urinary bother, and incontinence in elderly PCa survivors compared with peers without PCa. A cross-sectional analysis of 5990 participants in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Research Group, a cohort study of community-dwelling men ≥ 65 yr. We characterized urinary health using self-reported urinary incontinence and the American Urological Association Symptom Index (AUA-SI). We compared urinary health measures according to type of PCa treatment in men with PCa and men without PCa using multivariate log-binomial regression to generate prevalence ratios (PRs). At baseline, 706 men (12%) reported a history of PCa, with a mean time since diagnosis of 6.3 yr. Of these men, 426 (60%) reported urinary incontinence. In adjusted analyses, observation (PR: 2.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22-3.65; p=0.007), surgery (PR: 4.41; 95% CI, 3.79-5.13; p<0.0001), radiation therapy (PR: 1.49; 95% CI, 1.06-2.08; p=0.02), and androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) (PR: 2.02; 95% CI, 1.31-3.13; p=0.002) were each associated with daily incontinence. Daily incontinence risk increased with time since diagnosis independently of age. Observation (PR: 1.33; 95% CI, 1.00-1.78; p=0.05), surgery (PR: 1.25; 95% CI, 1.10-1.42; p=0.0008), and ADT (PR: 1.50; 95% CI, 1.26-1.79; p<0.0001) were associated with increased AUA-SI bother scores. Cancer stage and use of adjuvant or salvage therapies were not available for analysis. Compared with their peers without PCa, elderly PCa survivors had a two-fold to five-fold greater prevalence of urinary incontinence, which rose with increasing survivorship duration. Observation, surgery, and ADT were each associated with increased urinary bother. These data suggest a substantially greater burden of urinary health problems among elderly PCa survivors than previously recognized.
MeSH Terms
- Age Factors
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Androgen Antagonists
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal
- Case-Control Studies
- Chi-Square Distribution
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Humans
- Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms
- Male
- Multivariate Analysis
- Odds Ratio
- Prevalence
- Prospective Studies
- Prostatectomy
- Prostatic Neoplasms
- Risk Factors
- Survivors
- Time Factors
- Treatment Outcome
- United States
- Urinary Incontinence
Keywords
- Aging male
- Elderly
- Epidemiology
- Incontinence
- Lower urinary tract symptoms
- Prostate cancer
- Prostate cancer treatment
- Urinary bother
The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the age-dependent variations of calcaneal quantitative ultrasonometry (QUS) and the association with sex hormones and biochemical bone turnover markers in a large sample of unselected healthy German men. Bone measurements are expected to behave differently among men and women. The speed of sound (SOS), broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA), and stiffness index (SI) of the os calcaneus were measured in 506 German men aged 20-79 yr (mean age: 45.7 yr). Additionally, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, prolactin, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) as well as N-terminal propeptide of human procollagen type I (PINP), C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP), osteocalcin, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, and CrossLaps were measured with standardized essays and correlated with the QUS results. The QUS results comprised an overall change of 12.4%, 3.2%, and 23.2% for BUA, SOS, and SI, respectively, between the 20-29 and 70-79 yr age groups (p ≤ 0.001). The annual rate of the age-related differences was 0.33% (standard deviation [SD]: 0.31), 0.06% (SD: 0.08), and 0.53% (SD: 0.56) for BUA, SOS, and SI, respectively. Testosterone and DHEA-S were significantly associated with QUS parameters and increasing age, whereas SHBG showed an age-related increase and was inversely related with QUS values (p < 0.05). Bone turnover markers present lower values gradually, and we found a significant correlation between carboxy-terminal collagen crosslinks (CTX), osteocalcin (OC), bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP), and QUS variables (p < 0.05).
MeSH Terms
- Adult
- Age Factors
- Aged
- Aging
- Biomarkers
- Bone Density
- Bone Remodeling
- Calcaneus
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Densitometry
- Fractures, Bone
- Germany
- Gonadal Steroid Hormones
- Humans
- Incidence
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Reference Values
- Ultrasonography
- Young Adult
Keywords
- Bone turnover
- men
- osteoporosis
- quantitative ultrasonometry
- sex hormones
The present study investigated changes in sulcal morphology associated with late-life aging and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Participants were 219 community-dwelling 70-90 year-olds from the Sydney Memory and Ageing Study; all had MRI scans and were classified as having normal cognition (NC) or MCI at each of waves 1 and 2, two years apart. Automated methods were used to calculate a global sulcal index (g-SI), widths of five prominent sulci, and regional cortical thickness. There were significant longitudinal declines in g-SI and increases in sulcal width among the entire sample, but the rate of change differed among cognitive subgroups. Participants with MCI at both waves (persisting MCI) showed accelerated sulcal widening, particularly for the superior frontal and superior temporal sulci. The sulcal morphology of participants who reverted from MCI to NC was more consistent with stable NC than persisting MCI. Overall cortical thickness decreased between waves similarly across the subgroups. While changes in sulcal morphology are characteristic of normal late-life aging, they are accelerated in individuals with MCI (in contrast to changes in cortical thickness). Sulcal measures also differentiate between persistent MCI and MCI that reverts to NC, and may thus help in predicting the prognosis of MCI patients.
MeSH Terms
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aging
- Brain
- Cognitive Dysfunction
- Female
- Humans
- Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Male
- Neuropsychological Tests
Primary somatosensory (SI) cortical inhibition to repetitive stimuli tends to decline with increasing age. However, aging effects on the inhibition mechanism of secondary somatosensory cortex (SII) remain elusive. We aimed to study the aging-related changes of cortical inhibition in the human somatosensory system. Neuromagnetic responses to paired-pulse electrical stimulation to the median nerve were recorded in 21 young and 20 elderly male adults. Paired-pulse suppression (PPS) of SI and SII activities was estimated by the ratio of the response to Stimulus 2 to the response to Stimulus 1. Based on equivalent current dipole modeling, PPS ratios of the contralateral (SIIc) and ipsilateral (SIIi) secondary somatosensory cortices were higher in elderly than in young subjects (p < 0.001 in SIIc and p = 0.034 in SIIi). At an individual basis, a higher PPS ratio in SIIc than in SI was found in 16 (80 %) out of the 20 elderly participants; in contrast, the PPS ratios of SIIc and SI cortices were similar in young participants (p = 0.031). In conclusion, a larger PPS ratio in elderly suggests an aging-related decline in somatosensory cortical inhibition. Furthermore, compared to SI, the electrophysiological responses of SII cortex are especially vulnerable to aging in terms of cortical inhibition to repetitive stimulation.
MeSH Terms
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aging
- Cerebral Cortex
- Electric Stimulation
- Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neural Inhibition
- Reaction Time
- Young Adult
In addition to a contralateral activation of the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices, peripheral sensory stimulation has been shown to elicit responses in the ipsilateral primary somatosensory cortex (SI). In particular, evidence is accumulating that processes of interhemispheric inhibition as depicted by negative blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal changes are part of somatosensory processes. The aim of the study was to analyze age-related differences in patterns of cerebral activation in the somatosensory system in general and processes of interhemispheric inhibition in particular. For this, a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study was performed including 14 younger (mean age 23.3±0.9years) and 13 healthy older participants (mean age 73.2±8.3years). All subjects were scanned during peripheral electrical median nerve stimulation (40Hz) to obtain BOLD responses in the somatosensory system. Moreover, the individual current perception threshold (CPT) as a quantitative measure of sensory function was determined in a separate psychophysical testing. Significant increases in BOLD signal across the entire group could be measured within the contralateral SI, in the bilateral secondary somatosensory cortex (SII), the contralateral supplementary motor area and the insula. Negative BOLD signal changes were delineated in ipsilateral SI/MI as well as in the ipsilateral thalamus and basal ganglia. After comparing the two groups, only the cortical deactivation in ipsilateral SI in the early stimulation phase as well as the activation in contralateral SI and SII in the late stimulation block remained as statistically significant differences between the two groups. The psychophysical experiments yielded a significant age-dependent effect of CPT change with less difference in the older group which is in line with the significantly smaller alterations in maximal BOLD signal change in the contra- and ipsilateral SI found between the two groups. Healthy aging seems to be associated with a decrease in intracerebral inhibition as reflected by smaller negative BOLD signal changes during fMRI tasks. This finding could constitute an important link between age-related neurophysiological changes and behavioral alterations in humans.
MeSH Terms
- Age Factors
- Aged
- Aging
- Brain Mapping
- Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory
- Female
- Humans
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Male
- Somatosensory Cortex
- Young Adult
Relative to diets enriched in palmitic acid (PA), diets rich in oleic acid (OA) are associated with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes. To gain insight into mechanisms underlying these observations, we applied comprehensive lipidomic profiling to specimens collected from healthy adults enrolled in a randomized, crossover trial comparing a high-PA diet to a low-PA/high-OA (HOA) diet. Effects on insulin sensitivity (SI) and disposition index (DI) were assessed by intravenous glucose tolerance testing. In women, but not men, SI and DI were higher during HOA. The effect of HOA on SI correlated positively with physical fitness upon enrollment. Principal components analysis of either fasted or fed-state metabolites identified one factor affected by diet and heavily weighted by the PA/OA ratio of serum and muscle lipids. In women, this factor correlated inversely with SI in the fasted and fed states. Medium-chain acylcarnitines emerged as strong negative correlates of SI, and the HOA diet was accompanied by lower serum and muscle ceramide concentrations and reductions in molecular biomarkers of inflammatory and oxidative stress. This study provides evidence that the dietary PA/OA ratio impacts diabetes risk in women.
MeSH Terms
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aging
- Body Composition
- Cohort Studies
- Cross-Over Studies
- Diet
- Dietary Fats
- Female
- Food Analysis
- Humans
- Insulin Resistance
- Lipid Metabolism
- Male
- Motor Activity
- Oleic Acid
- Palmitic Acid
- Physical Fitness
- Sex Factors
- Young Adult
Recent data led to suggest that in addition to Y1 and Y2 subtypes, Y5 receptors may be involved in mood-related behaviors (Morales-Medina et al., 2010). In the present study, using a battery of behavioral tests to assess anxiety and depression-like paradigms, as well as memory function, we evaluated the potential behavioral changes induced in mice devoid of Y5 receptors. Those paradigms were assessed using the open field (OF), elevated plus maze (EPM), forced swim test (FST), social interaction test (SI), object recognition test (ORT) and Morris water maze (MWM) in Y5 knockout (KO) mice and wild type (WT) animals. In the tests associated to anxiety related behaviors (OF, EPM and SI), no difference for locomotion and time spent in the lateral area of open field were observed between Y5 KO and WT mice. Similar results were observed for time and number of entries in open arms in EPM. Additionally, in SI test, Y5 KO mice spent same amount of time and number of entries in the stranger chamber as compared to WT animals. In the FST, as compared to WT mice, Y5 KO mice had similar immobility time on day 1. No memory dysfunction was observed in the MWM and ORT in Y5 KO mice, as compared to WT. Altogether these data suggest that under basal conditions Y5 KO and WT mice display similar mood behaviors and memory functions. However, as compared to WT, Y5 KO mice display increased grooming and rearing in the OF, lower ratio entries in open arms in the EPM and increased immobility time on the second day of the FST.
MeSH Terms
- Affect
- Aging
- Animals
- Anxiety
- Behavior, Animal
- Body Weight
- Depression
- Genotype
- Grooming
- Interpersonal Relations
- Male
- Maze Learning
- Memory
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Motor Activity
- Receptors, Neuropeptide Y
- Recognition, Psychology
- Swimming