ENG
Endoglin precursor (CD105 antigen) [END]
Publications[править]
Abnormalities of the spinal cord were considered uncommon in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and therefore spinal symptoms were not included among PSP characteristic features. However there have been some neuropathological reports of spinal cord lesions in patients with PSP. The aim of our study was to find out if the possible lower motor neuron involvement in PSP is reflected by electromyographic (EMG) and/or electroneurographic (ENG) abnormalities. 24 patients with clinically probable PSP (mean age 67.5 yrs; 66% males) were included in the study. The control group for ENG studies consisted 25 age matched healthy volunteers. Nerve conduction studies in the ulnar, peroneal and sural nerves and EMG of the first interosseus dorsal and tibial anterior muscles were performed. The only ENG abnormality observed was decreased compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) amplitudes in the ulnar nerve. Such decrease was registered in 8.3% and 20% of PSP patients respectively. There was no significant difference between the values of ENG parameters between PSP patients and the control group. In EMG abnormalities suggesting chronic reinnervation were recorded in the first interosseous dorsal (FID) muscle in 45.8%, and in the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle in 37.5% of PSP patients. A significant correlation was found between the age of PSP patients and their mean motor unit potential (MUP) amplitude in TA muscle (p=0.04) and also between the age of onset and MUP amplitude in both, the TA and FID muscles (p=0.026 and p=0.03 respectively). In PSP, neurogenic EMG abnormalities in skeletal muscles are present in nearly half the patients suggesting a loss of motor neurons in the anterior horns of the spinal cord which is in line with our histopathological findings. In contrast, electrophysiological signs of neuropathy in peripheral nerves in PSP are very rare. Concluding, although PSP is characterized by the pathological process in specific basal ganglia and brainstem areas, our electromyographic study suggests the need for broadening the spectrum of PSP for lower motor neurons degeneration.
MeSH Terms
- Action Potentials
- Aged
- Aging
- Antiparkinson Agents
- Electrodiagnosis
- Electromyography
- Female
- Humans
- Levodopa
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Motor Neuron Disease
- Motor Neurons
- Muscle, Skeletal
- Neural Conduction
- Peripheral Nerves
- Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive
Brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) represent a high risk for hemorrhagic stroke, leading to significant neurological morbidity and mortality in young adults. The etiopathogenesis of bAVM remains unclear. Research progress has been hampered by the lack of animal models. Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT) patients with haploinsufficiency of endoglin (ENG, HHT1) or activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1, HHT2) have a higher incidence of bAVM than the general population. We previously induced cerebrovascular dysplasia in the adult mouse that resembles human bAVM through Alk1 deletion plus vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulation. We hypothesized that Eng deletion plus VEGF stimulation would induce a similar degree of cerebrovascular dysplasia as the Alk1-deleted brain. Ad-Cre (an adenoviral vector expressing Cre recombinase) and AAV-VEGF (an adeno-associated viral vector expressing VEGF) were co-injected into the basal ganglia of 8- to 10-week-old Eng(2f/2f) (exons 5 and 6 flanked by loxP sequences), Alk1(2f/2f) (exons 4-6 flanked by loxP sequences) and wild-type (WT) mice. Vascular density, dysplasia index, and gene deletion efficiency were analyzed 8 weeks later. AAV-VEGF induced a similar degree of angiogenesis in the brain with or without Alk1- or Eng-deletion. Abnormally patterned and dilated dysplastic vessels were found in the viral vector-injected region of Alk1(2f/2f) and Eng(2f/2f) brain sections, but not in WT. Alk1(2f/2f) mice had about 1.8-fold higher dysplasia index than Eng(2f/2f) mice (4.6 ± 1.9 vs. 2.5 ± 1.1, p < 0.05). However, after normalization of the dysplasia index with the gene deletion efficiency (Alk1(2f/2f): 16% and Eng(2f/2f): 1%), we found that about 8-fold higher dysplasia was induced per copy of Eng deletion (2.5) than that of Alk1 deletion (0.3). ENG-negative endothelial cells were detected in the Ad-Cre-treated brain of Eng(2f/2f) mice, suggesting homozygous deletion of Eng in the cells. VEGF induced more severe vascular dysplasia in the Ad-Cre-treated brain of Eng(2f/2f) mice than that of Eng( /-) mice. (1) Deletion of Eng induces more severe cerebrovascular dysplasia per copy than that of Alk1 upon VEGF stimulation. (2) Homozygous deletion of Eng with angiogenic stimulation may be a promising strategy for development of a bAVM mouse model. (3) The endothelial cells that have homozygous causal gene deletion in AVM could be crucial for lesion development.
MeSH Terms
- Activin Receptors, Type I
- Activin Receptors, Type II
- Aging
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endoglin
- Endothelial Cells
- Gene Deletion
- Homozygote
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Malformations of Cortical Development
- Mice
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) result in anomalous direct blood flow between arteries and veins, bypassing the normal capillary bed. Depending on size and location, AVMs may lead to severe clinical effects including systemic cyanosis (pulmonary AVMs), hemorrhagic stroke (cerebral AVMs) and high output cardiac failure (hepatic AVMs). The factors leading to AVM formation are poorly understood, but patients with the familial disease hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) develop AVMs at high frequency. As most HHT patients have mutations in ENG (endoglin) or ACVRL1 (activin receptor-like kinase 1), a better understanding of the role of these genes in vascular development is likely to reveal the etiology of AVM formation. Using a mouse with a conditional mutation in the Eng gene, we investigated the sequence of abnormal cellular events occurring during development of an AVM. In the absence of endoglin, subcutaneous Matrigel implants in adult mice were populated by reduced numbers of new blood vessels compared with controls, and resulted in local venous enlargement (venomegaly). To investigate abnormal vascular responses in more detail, we turned to the more readily accessible vasculature of the neonatal retina. Endoglin-deficient retinas exhibited delayed remodeling of the capillary plexus, increased proliferation of endothelial cells and localized AVMs. Muscularization of the resulting arteriovenous shunts appeared to be a secondary response to increased blood flow. AVMs develop when an angiogenic stimulus is combined with endoglin depletion. Moreover, AVM formation appears to result from the combination of delayed vascular remodeling and an inappropriate endothelial cell proliferation response in the absence of endoglin.
MeSH Terms
- Aging
- Angiogenic Proteins
- Animals
- Antigens, CD
- Arteriovenous Malformations
- Cadherins
- Capillaries
- Cell Proliferation
- Endoglin
- Endothelial Cells
- Integrases
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microcirculation
- Mutation
- Neovascularization, Pathologic
- Regional Blood Flow
- Retinal Neovascularization
Recent studies demonstrated that erythropoietin (EPO) have a number of non-erythropoietic effects including neuroprotection and vascular protection. Using data from a representative sample of older persons, we tested the hypothesis that EPO levels are correlated with peripheral nerve parameters (NVC and CMAP) assessed by surface ENG and with clinically diagnosed polyneuropathy. We selected 972 participants (aged 60-98 years) with complete data for the analyses. We found a significant association between EPO and age-adjusted NCV and CMAP (for NCV: 0.57 /-0.26; p = 0.03 and for CMAP: 0.54 /-0.23; p = 0.02). In logistic regression models adjusting for age, sex and multiple potential confounders, higher EPO levels were associated with a significantly lower probability of having a clinical diagnosis of polyneuropathy (OR = 0.43; 95% CI: 0.22-0.84). These findings suggest that EPO is implicated in the pathogenesis of polyneuropathy in older persons. Whether low EPO is a risk factor for polyneuropathy should be tested in future longitudinal analyses.
MeSH Terms
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aging
- Anthropometry
- Erythropoietin
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neurologic Examination
- Peripheral Nervous System
- Polyneuropathies
- Probability
Pre-clinical studies suggest that both omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids have beneficial effects on peripheral nerve function. Rats feed a diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) showed modification of phospholipid fatty acid composition in nerve membranes and improvement of sciatic nerve conduction velocity (NCV). We tested the hypothesis that baseline plasma omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids levels predict accelerated decline of peripheral nerve function. Changes between baseline and the 3-year follow-up in peripheral nerve function was assessed by standard surface ENG of the right peroneal nerve in 384 male and 443 female participants of the InCHIANTI study (age range: 24-97 years). Plasma concentrations of selected fatty acids assessed at baseline by gas chromatography. Independent of confounders, plasma omega-6 fatty acids and linoleic acid were significantly correlated with peroneal NCV at enrollment. Lower plasma PUFA, omega-6 fatty acids, linoleic acid, ratio omega-6/omega-3, arachidonic acid and docosahexanoic acid levels were significantly predicted a steeper decline in nerve function parameters over the 3-year follow-up. Low plasma omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids levels were associated with accelerated decline of peripheral nerve function with aging.
MeSH Terms
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aging
- Anthropometry
- Arachidonic Acid
- Cholesterol
- Cohort Studies
- Comorbidity
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Docosahexaenoic Acids
- Eicosapentaenoic Acid
- Fatty Acids
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3
- Fatty Acids, Omega-6
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Italy
- Linoleic Acid
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neural Conduction
- Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
- Peripheral Vascular Diseases
- Peroneal Nerve
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Triglycerides
- alpha-Linolenic Acid
To use an audiovestibular test battery to evaluate patients with leukoaraiosis in order to investigate the relationship between vertigo and dizziness and leukoaraiosis. Retrospective study. Tertiary university hospital. Patients A total of 18 elderly patients with vertigo and dizziness and with leukoaraiosis confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (hereafter, leukoaraiosis group), and another 18 age- and sex-matched patients with vertigo and dizziness but without leukoaraiosis (hereafter, nonleukoaraiosis group) were enrolled in this study. Each patient underwent a battery of audiovestibular tests, including audiometry and electronystagmography (ENG). In the leukoaraiosis group, ENG examination showed slow pursuit movements in 72% of patients, slowing of saccadic eye movements in 28%, abnormal optokinetic nystagmus test results in 44%, and canal paresis or caloric areflexia in 56% of cases. Compared with the nonleukoaraiosis group, 50%, 17%, 44%, and 61% of cases exhibited nonsignificant differences in slow pursuit movements, slowing of saccadic eye movements, abnormal optokinetic nystagmus test results, and abnormal caloric test results, respectively. However, saccadic oscillation had an occurrence rate of 72% in the leukoaraiosis group in contrast with a 22% rate in the nonleukoaraiosis group, revealing a significant statistical difference. Saccadic oscillations in the ENG examination indicated leukoaraiosis on the magnetic resonance imaging scan, with a sensitivity of 72% and a specificity of 78%. We therefore recommend using ENG examination to screen elderly individuals with leukoaraiosis.
MeSH Terms
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aging
- Audiometry
- Caloric Tests
- Dizziness
- Electronystagmography
- Female
- Hearing Loss
- Humans
- Leukoaraiosis
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Male
- Nystagmus, Optokinetic
- Retrospective Studies
- Saccades
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Vertigo
Aging affects many motor functions, notably the spinal stretch reflexes and muscle spindle sensitivity. Spindle activation also depends on the elastic properties of the structures linked to the proprioceptive receptors. We have calculated a spindle efficacy index, SEI, for old rats. This index relates the spindle sensitivity, deduced from electroneurograms recording (ENG), to the passive stiffness of the muscle. Spindle sensitivity and passive incremental stiffness were calculated during ramp and hold stretches imposed on pseudo-isolated soleus muscles of control rats (aged 4 months, n=12) and old rats (aged 24 months, n=16). SEI were calculated for the dynamic and static phases of ramp (1-80 mm/s) and for hold (0.5-2mm) stretches imposed at two reference lengths: length threshold for spindle afferents discharges, L(n) (neurogram length) and slack length, L(s). The passive incremental stiffness was calculated from the peak and steady values of passive tension, measured under the stretch conditions used for the ENG recordings, and taking into account the muscle cross-sectional area. The pseudo-isolated soleus muscles were also stretched to establish the stress-strain relationship and to calculate muscle stiffness constant. The contralateral muscle was used to count muscle spindles and spindle fibers (ATPase staining) and immunostained to identify MyHC isoforms. L(n) and L(s) lengths were not significantly different in the control group, while L(n) was significantly greater than L(s) in old muscles. Under dynamic conditions, the SEI of old muscles was the same as in controls at L(s), but it was significantly lower than in controls at L(n) due to increased passive incremental stiffness under the stretch conditions used to analyze the ENG. Under static conditions, the SEI of old muscles was significantly lower than control values at all the stretch amplitudes and threshold lengths tested, due to increased passive incremental stiffness and decreased spindle sensitivity at L(s). The muscle stiffness constant values were greater in old muscles than in controls, confirming the changes in elastic properties under passive conditions due to aging. Aging also altered the intrafusal fibers: it increased the mean number of intrafusal fibers and the contents in the slow, neonatal and developmental isoforms intrafusal of MyHC have been modified. These structural modifications do not seem great enough to counteract the loss of the spindle sensitivity or the spindle efficacy under passive conditions and after the nerve was severed. However, they may help to maintain the spindle afferent message under natural conditions and under fusimotor control.
MeSH Terms
- Aging
- Animals
- Elasticity
- Immunohistochemistry
- Isomerism
- Male
- Muscle Contraction
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal
- Muscle Spindles
- Muscle, Skeletal
- Myosin Heavy Chains
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Reflex, Stretch
- Stress, Mechanical
The study of eye movement presents a unique opportunity to investigate the integrity of central ocular-motor pathways and structures, involved in the generation and control of ocularmotor reflexes, which is important in the diagnosis of rate balance system in otoneurology. In psychiatry, oculography is useful for the evaluation of schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive and affective disorders as well as the effectiveness of psychoactive drugs. The aim of the study was to investigate the results of smooth pursuit and saccadic tests in healthy persons in respect to age and stimulus paradigm. Sixty seven subjects in different age: 16--young (mean 29.8 years), 38--middle-aged (mean 53.2 years) and 13--elderly (mean 73.6 years) were enrolled in the study. Oculographic tests were performed on the computerized ENG system. The pursuit target was driven by a predictable sinusoidal task at various frequencies 30 Hz, 40 Hz, 50 Hz and amplitudes of 15 degrees, 20 degrees and 30 degrees. In the saccades test the target moved abruptly 15 degrees left and right of the centre. In all tests, several parameters and the 95% prediction interval (95 PI) were calculated. In the smooth pursuit test gain decreased with ageing. The differences between age groups (younger-middle-age and younger-elderly) were statistically significant for each target velocity. In this study we found no significant evidence that age has an impact on the parameters of saccadic tests. These findings suggest that the results of oculomotor tests should be quantified by the age of the patient and the target task.
MeSH Terms
- Adult
- Age Factors
- Aged
- Aging
- Electronystagmography
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Nystagmus, Optokinetic
- Photic Stimulation
- Poland
- Pursuit, Smooth
- Reaction Time
- Reference Values
- Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular
- Saccades
- Visual Perception
Elektronystagmographic outcome of visual ocular-motor tests (smooth pursuit, optokinetic, saccadic) in 67 healthy subjects in different age were used for quantitative analysis. Three groups were studied: 16 young (29.8 /- 5.1 year), 38 middle-aged (53.2 /- 7.6 year) and 13 elderly (73.6 /- 4.1 year). A four-channel ENG system (version 2,4 Toennies Nystagliner, Germany), with DC-coupled amplifiers, separately for each eye was used. The pursuit target was driven by predictable sinusoidal target with velocity 29 degrees/s, 38 degrees/s, 49 degrees/s and amplitudes of 15 degrees right and left. Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) was performed using both clockwise and counterclockwise stimuli with velocity 28 degrees/s and 37 degrees/s. In saccades test targets moved abruptly 15 degrees left and right of the centre. In all tests several parameters were calculated like: morphology, gain, phase, maximum velocity and preponderance, and in saccadic test, saccade latency, duration and accuracy as well. In smooth pursuit test gain decreased with ageing. The differences between ages group (younger-middle-age and younger-elderly) for each target velocity were statistically significant. In this study with our paradigm task there was not significant evidence that age impacts parameters of optokinetic and saccadic tests. The 95% prediction interval (95 PI) was calculated for all tests parameters. These findings suggest that evaluation of electronystagmography outcome especially the diagnosis of smooth pursuit dysfunction should be quantified by the age of the patient and by the target task.
MeSH Terms
- Adult
- Aged
- Aging
- Electronystagmography
- Eye Movements
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Nystagmus, Optokinetic
- Photic Stimulation
- Pursuit, Smooth
- Reaction Time
- Reference Values
- Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular
- Saccades
- Visual Perception
There are few data on life expectancy in patients with hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), a disorder with life-threatening complications. Seventy HHT patients provided data on age and age at death of their HHT-affected parent, which was compared with that of the parent's non-affected partner. At the time of the study, 40 HHT parents (57.1%) vs. 36 (51.4%) non-HHT parents had died (p = 0.404). Median age at death was lower in HHT vs. non-HHT parents (63.2 vs. 70.0 years, respectively). The mortality of HHT parents showed an early peak in the under 50s and a late peak at 60-79 years. HHT was the main risk factor influencing life expectancy after 30 years (p < 0.05). No differences in survival probability were found in HHT patients with respect to sex (p = 0.37), or ENG vs. ALK-1 genotype (p < 0.9). Life expectancy appears to be significantly lower in HHT patients than in their partners. Prevention of HHT complications with screening programs could increase life expectancy.
MeSH Terms
- Adult
- Age Factors
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Cause of Death
- Female
- Humans
- Italy
- Life Expectancy
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Retrospective Studies
- Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic
"A simulation exercise of a general equilibrium model for Switzerland makes clear that the macroeconomic impacts of aging populations are not very strong. There is no need for urgent policy actions to avoid severe negative economic consequences....However, the aging of population affects negatively the net income of the active labor force. An increasing share of their gross salaries goes to the retirement system to finance the pension payments of a growing number of pensioners. Attempts to moderate the elderly dependency ratio would lower this burden for the active labor force. Options are an increase of the female participation rate, an increase of the labor participation rate of the elderly--[which] also means a higher retirement age--and an increasing flow of immigrants. But socioeconomic problems might probably generate practical limits on the extent to which immigration can be increased." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE)
MeSH Terms
- Demography
- Dependency, Psychological
- Developed Countries
- Economics
- Emigration and Immigration
- Employment
- Europe
- Health Workforce
- Income
- Population
- Population Dynamics
- Retirement
- Social Class
- Socioeconomic Factors
- Switzerland
- Transients and Migrants
Keywords
- Demographic Aging
- Demographic Factors
- Dependency Burden
- Developed Countries
- Economic Factors
- Employment
- Employment Status
- Europe
- Human Resources
- Immigrants
- Income
- International Migration
- Labor Force
- Macroeconomic Factors
- Microeconomic Factors
- Migrants
- Migration
- Population
- Population Dynamics
- Retirement
- Socioeconomic Factors
- Socioeconomic Status
- Switzerland
- Western Europe
"The evolution of mortality in Quebec over the past three decades is reviewed. Life expectancies and potential years of life lost from birth to age 75 are calculated. Also, interprovincial comparisons of mortality are included. Quebec's mortality experience, in comparison to the other provinces, is poor. Causes of death that are of particular concern are suicide and lung cancer. Mortality rates for cerebrovascular diseases, stomach cancer and kidney diseases have markedly declined, for males as well as females." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)
MeSH Terms
- Americas
- Biology
- Canada
- Cause of Death
- Cerebrovascular Circulation
- Demography
- Developed Countries
- Developing Countries
- Digestive System
- Disease
- Geography
- Life Expectancy
- Longevity
- Mortality
- Neoplasms
- North America
- Physiology
- Population
- Population Dynamics
- Sex Factors
- Suicide
Keywords
- Administrative Districts
- Americas
- Biology
- Canada
- Cancer
- Causes Of Death
- Cerebrovascular Effects
- Comparative Studies
- Death Rate--changes
- Demographic Factors
- Developed Countries
- Developing Countries
- Diseases
- Gastrointestinal Effects
- Geographic Factors
- Length Of Life
- Life Expectancy
- Mortality--changes
- Neoplasms
- North America
- Northern America
- Physiology
- Population
- Population Dynamics
- Sex Factors
- Suicide
The authors analyze the geographic implications for France of projected population growth up to the year 2015. "There would be a higher concentration of people in the Mediterranean and Paris area regions, while the Massif Central and the North-East quarter of the country, with the exception of Alsace, would see their populations fall. Migratory movements should help the Paris area to best resist the general aging in France. The fact that the Paris area attracts students and young working people contributes to both its demographic growth and its youthfulness compared with the rest of France. Conversely, the aging of the West will escalate if the arrival of people around retirement age continues." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND GER AND SPA)
MeSH Terms
- Demography
- Developed Countries
- Emigration and Immigration
- Europe
- Forecasting
- France
- Geography
- Population
- Population Dynamics
- Population Growth
- Statistics as Topic
Keywords
- Demographic Aging
- Demographic Factors
- Developed Countries
- Estimation Technics
- Europe
- France
- Geographic Factors
- Mediterranean Countries
- Migration
- Migration, Internal
- Population
- Population Dynamics
- Population Growth
- Population Projection
- Western Europe
"In this article, an analysis of data from the Health and Activity Limitation Survey (HALS) for the metropolitan region of Montreal (MRM) and for the province of Quebec, conducted in 1986-87 by Statistics Canada, will show that the level of disabilities and the severity of handicaps are distinctly related to ageing. This raises central questions regarding the nature of the ageing process and on the pertinent policies to be adopted. Furthermore, significant spatial differences can be observed concerning the level of disabilities for various age groups. As such, the level of disabilities is generally lower in the MRM than in the rest of Quebec, except among those aged 75 and over and for the worst degree of disability." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)
MeSH Terms
- Age Factors
- Americas
- Canada
- Demography
- Developed Countries
- Disabled Persons
- Geography
- Health
- North America
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Population Dynamics
- Public Policy
Keywords
- Age Factors
- Americas
- Canada
- Comparative Studies
- Demographic Aging
- Demographic Factors
- Developed Countries
- Geographic Factors
- Handicapped
- Health
- North America
- Northern America
- Policy
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Population Dynamics
- Studies
"In this article, Czech mortality rates are inspected in a new perspective...the levels of mortality constructed in Coale's and Demeny's Regional Model Life Tables and in Coale's and Guang Guo's revised edition of the life tables. Czech male and female life expectancies are also contrasted with hypothetical ones computed by means of Coale's equation which sets a 'standard' pattern of life expectancy development in low mortality societies." The impact of past political and social systems is also considered. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)
MeSH Terms
- Czech Republic
- Czechoslovakia
- Demography
- Developed Countries
- Europe
- Europe, Eastern
- Evaluation Studies as Topic
- Life Expectancy
- Life Tables
- Longevity
- Mortality
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Population Dynamics
- Research
- Sex Factors
Keywords
- Czech Republic
- Czechoslovakia
- Demographic Analysis
- Demographic Factors
- Developed Countries
- Eastern Europe
- Europe
- Evaluation
- Length Of Life
- Life Expectancy
- Life Table Method
- Life Tables
- Mortality
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Population Dynamics
- Research Methodology
- Sex Factors
"In this article there have been applied some analytical methods of multidimensional analysis based on calculated abridged mortality tables for the districts of Czechoslovakia (1981-1985)." The techniques were used to assess average life span and probability of death. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)
MeSH Terms
- Cause of Death
- Czechoslovakia
- Demography
- Developed Countries
- Europe
- Europe, Eastern
- Geography
- Life Tables
- Longevity
- Models, Theoretical
- Mortality
- Population
- Population Dynamics
- Research
Keywords
- Causes Of Death
- Czechoslovakia
- Demographic Analysis
- Demographic Factors
- Developed Countries
- Differential Mortality
- Eastern Europe
- Europe
- Geographic Factors
- Length Of Life
- Life Table Method
- Life Tables
- Models, Theoretical
- Mortality
- Population
- Population Dynamics
- Research Methodology
"This article is an attempt to make a new population projection of the Czech Republic to the year 2030 based on assumptions with regard to mortality and fertility.... Four possible scenarios of population development are explored...and the basic results presented.... All of them...suggest rapid aging of Czech society after 2010...." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)
MeSH Terms
- Age Distribution
- Age Factors
- Czech Republic
- Demography
- Developed Countries
- Europe
- Europe, Eastern
- Forecasting
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Population Dynamics
- Statistics as Topic
Keywords
- Age Distribution--changes
- Age Factors
- Czech Republic
- Demographic Aging
- Demographic Factors
- Developed Countries
- Eastern Europe
- Estimation Technics
- Europe
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Population Dynamics
- Population Projection
"The ageing of rural population in Romania is becoming increasingly serious as regions which are endangered by this phenomenon have to face the additional problem of the reprivatisation of agricultural land. This has been analysed at departmental level based on the 1930, 1966, 1977 and 1992 censuses respectively.... The modes of evolution of this ageing phenomenon have been classified into different types. Two factors, demographic change and rural exodus, account for this development whose geographical configuration has changed over half a century." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUM)
MeSH Terms
- Age Distribution
- Age Factors
- Demography
- Developed Countries
- Europe
- Europe, Eastern
- Geography
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Population Dynamics
- Romania
- Rural Population
Keywords
- Age Distribution--changes
- Age Factors
- Demographic Aging
- Demographic Factors
- Developed Countries
- Eastern Europe
- Europe
- Geographic Factors
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Population Dynamics
- Romania
- Rural Population
"Nowadays 75% of foreigners living in Switzerland have a permanent residence permit. A new phenomenon goes along with this stabilisation: the aging of this resident foreign population, especially Italians and Spaniards who arrived in Switzerland in the fifties and sixties. This trend will have definite consequences on the costs of Swiss social security benefits. Our research project aims at clarifying which factors influence those immigrants who are near retirement to decide whether to stay or go back to their home countries." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND GER)
MeSH Terms
- Behavior
- Decision Making
- Demography
- Developed Countries
- Economics
- Emigration and Immigration
- Employment
- Europe
- Financial Management
- Financing, Government
- Geography
- Population
- Population Dynamics
- Residence Characteristics
- Retirement
- Social Class
- Social Security
- Socioeconomic Factors
- Switzerland
- Transients and Migrants
Keywords
- Behavior
- Decision Making
- Demographic Aging
- Demographic Factors
- Developed Countries
- Economic Factors
- Employment Status
- Europe
- Financial Activities
- Financing, Government
- Geographic Factors
- Migrants
- Migration
- Population
- Population Dynamics
- Residence Characteristics
- Resident Status
- Retirement
- Return Migration--determinants
- Social Security
- Socioeconomic Factors
- Socioeconomic Status
- Spatial Distribution
- Switzerland
- Western Europe
"The author shows the Hungarian method of decomposition according to factors causing differences in life expectancies. He uses abridged mortality tables by causes of death of Hungary's male and female population in 1972-1973 and 1982....[The author explains that] the significant increase in the difference between males' and females' average life expectancies at birth can be explained primarily with the ever increasing differences in life expectancies of the victims of various causes of death shifted in favour of females." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)
MeSH Terms
- Cause of Death
- Demography
- Developed Countries
- Europe
- Europe, Eastern
- Hungary
- Life Expectancy
- Life Tables
- Longevity
- Methods
- Mortality
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Population Dynamics
- Research
- Sex Factors
Keywords
- Causes Of Death
- Demographic Analysis
- Demographic Factors
- Developed Countries
- Differential Mortality
- Eastern Europe
- Europe
- Hungary
- Length Of Life
- Life Expectancy
- Life Table Method
- Life Tables
- Methodological Studies
- Mortality
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Population Dynamics
- Research Methodology
- Sex Factors
"This paper examines the decline of mortality in Vizcaya [Spain]...the first Basque province to be industrialised at the beginning of the demographic transition. Making use of both the death and municipal population registers we analyse its diverse trajectory in two differentiated economic environments: those municipalities which played an important role in the industrial process and those rural municipalities which remained on the sidelines." The author compares life expectancies, causes of death, and sanitary conditions, and discusses some social consequences of industrialization. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE)
MeSH Terms
- Cause of Death
- Demography
- Developed Countries
- Economics
- Europe
- Health
- Industry
- Life Expectancy
- Longevity
- Mortality
- Population
- Population Dynamics
- Public Health
- Sanitation
- Spain
Keywords
- Causes Of Death
- Demographic Factors
- Developed Countries
- Economic Conditions
- Economic Development
- Economic Factors
- Europe
- Health
- Historical Survey
- Industrialization
- Length Of Life
- Life Expectancy
- Macroeconomic Factors
- Mediterranean Countries
- Mortality--changes
- Population
- Population Dynamics
- Public Health
- Sanitation
- Southern Europe
- Spain
Geographic differentials in mortality and life expectancy in the region surrounding Montreal, Canada, are compared. The author notes that "despite a marked drop of mortality in the Montreal region, there are still important geographic disparities at the end of the [1980s]....A multiple regression analysis shows that the proportion of poor and the percentage of immigrants account for more than 80% in the geographic disparities of life expectancy in the Montreal region." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)
MeSH Terms
- Americas
- Canada
- Demography
- Developed Countries
- Geography
- Life Expectancy
- Longevity
- Mortality
- North America
- Population
- Population Dynamics
- Research
Keywords
- Americas
- Canada
- Comparative Studies
- Demographic Factors
- Developed Countries
- Differential Mortality
- Geographic Factors
- Length Of Life
- Life Expectancy
- Mortality--changes
- North America
- Northern America
- Period Analysis
- Population
- Population Dynamics
- Research Methodology
- Studies
Population estimates and projections are presented and analyzed for the period 1986-2011 for the Native American population living in Canada. The analysis considers census underenumeration and the impact of recent legislation that increased the number of residents with Native American status by approximately 25 percent. It is concluded that "native groups will continue to grow at a higher rate than the Canadian population as a whole. Comparing the two populations shows a convergence for some demographic characteristics; however, the aging of the native population started much later." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)
MeSH Terms
- Americas
- Canada
- Culture
- Demography
- Developed Countries
- Ethnic Groups
- Forecasting
- Indians, North American
- North America
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Population Density
- Population Dynamics
- Population Growth
- Research
- Research Design
- Statistics as Topic
Keywords
- Americas
- Canada
- Comparative Studies
- Cultural Background
- Demographic Aging
- Demographic Factors
- Developed Countries
- Error Sources
- Estimation Technics
- Ethnic Groups
- Indians, North American
- Indigenous Population
- Measurement
- North America
- Northern America
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Population Dynamics
- Population Growth
- Population Projection
- Population Size
- Research Methodology
- Studies
- Undercount
Demographic aging in Canada is explored as an issue of particular concern to women. "The challenges of population aging, in many ways, are inseparable from women's issues. Women, as the largest group of elderly, have different physical, social, and economic needs than men. Thus, women's more debilitating but often less life-threatening illnesses, status as widows or living alone, and lack of adequate incomes pose problems not unlike those facing women of all ages. As well, women tend more often to be in the situation of 'looking after' others, including older relatives, another way in which aging is a challenge to and for women." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)
MeSH Terms
- Americas
- Canada
- Demography
- Developed Countries
- Economics
- Health
- Income
- Marital Status
- Marriage
- North America
- Old Age Assistance
- Population
- Population Dynamics
- Social Change
- Socioeconomic Factors
- Women's Rights
Keywords
- Americas
- Canada
- Demographic Aging
- Demographic Factors
- Developed Countries
- Economic Factors
- Health--women
- Income--women
- Marital Status--women
- Microeconomic Factors
- North America
- Northern America
- Nuptiality
- Old Age Security
- Population
- Population Dynamics
- Social Change
- Socioeconomic Factors
- Women's Status
"Permanent and gradual increase of life expectancy at birth in developed countries has raised a question about the limits to human life span--the biologically maximum length of life. This paper presents current American discussion on the subject to Czech readers." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)
MeSH Terms
- Biology
- Demography
- Developed Countries
- Life Expectancy
- Longevity
- Mortality
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Population Dynamics
Keywords
- Biological Characteristics
- Biology
- Demographic Factors
- Developed Countries
- Length Of Life
- Life Expectancy--changes
- Literature Review
- Mortality
- Population
- Population Dynamics
"Hungary's population increased moderately between 1960 and 1980, then it has been decreasing every year. However, within this the number and proportion of those over 60 years of age--particularly of females--increased right along, even after 1980. The study follows up the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of this population group...." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)
MeSH Terms
- Adult
- Age Distribution
- Age Factors
- Aged
- Demography
- Developed Countries
- Europe
- Europe, Eastern
- Hungary
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Population Dynamics
- Sex Distribution
- Sex Factors
Keywords
- Adult
- Age Distribution--changes
- Age Factors
- Aged
- Demographic Aging
- Demographic Factors
- Developed Countries
- Eastern Europe
- Europe
- Hungary
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Population Decrease
- Population Dynamics
- Sex Distribution
- Sex Factors
Probable population trends in France up to the year 2000 are explored. "Between now and the year 2000, the French population will grow by three or four million. There will be 12 million persons over the age of 60, as compared to 10 million today. The working population will be more numerous, but older. Only the number of young people is difficult to estimate, because of the uncertainty concerning the birth rate." The demographic consequences of alternative fertility trends are discussed. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)
MeSH Terms
- Birth Rate
- Demography
- Developed Countries
- Europe
- Fertility
- Forecasting
- France
- Population
- Population Dynamics
- Population Growth
- Research
- Statistics as Topic
Keywords
- Birth Rate
- Demographic Aging
- Demographic Factors
- Demographic Impact
- Developed Countries
- Estimation Technics
- Europe
- Fertility
- Fertility Measurements
- France
- Mediterranean Countries
- Population
- Population Dynamics
- Population Growth
- Population Projection
- Research Methodology
- Western Europe
"A tentative approximation of the expectation of life at 60-65 years, for populations with defective demographic statistics, is explored and expounded on the basis of a recent Horiuchi and [Coale] paper." The method is applied to data for El Salvador, Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Peninsular Malaysia, and it is shown that the method can be used on actual data, although it requires some drastic rounding off. (summary in ENG, FRE)
MeSH Terms
- Age Factors
- Americas
- Asia
- Asia, Southeastern
- Bias
- Caribbean Region
- Central America
- Demography
- Developed Countries
- Developing Countries
- El Salvador
- Latin America
- Life Expectancy
- Longevity
- Malaysia
- Mexico
- Mortality
- North America
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Population Dynamics
- Puerto Rico
- Research
- Research Design
- Statistics as Topic
- Survival Rate
Keywords
- Age Factors
- Americas
- Asia
- Bias
- Caribbean
- Central America
- Demographic Analysis
- Demographic Factors
- Developed Countries
- Developing Countries
- El Salvador
- Error Sources
- Estimation Technics
- Latin America
- Length Of Life
- Life Expectancy
- Malaysia
- Measurement
- Mexico
- Mortality
- North America
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Population Dynamics
- Puerto Rico
- Research Methodology
- Southeastern Asia
- Survivorship
- Truncation Bias
The author reviews the major demographic trends of the twentieth century in Bulgaria. "The results from the analysis show that the demographic development of Bulgaria especially in the years after 1950 differs very little from the developed, urbanized and industrialized countries. The common features are: development towards [replacement] fertility, [lower mortality rates], zero natural growth [leading] to an increasing life expectancy at birth, [and] population ageing...." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)
MeSH Terms
- Bulgaria
- Demography
- Developed Countries
- Europe
- Europe, Eastern
- Fertility
- Life Expectancy
- Longevity
- Mortality
- Population
- Population Density
- Population Dynamics
- Population Growth
Keywords
- Bulgaria
- Demographic Aging
- Demographic Factors
- Developed Countries
- Eastern Europe
- Europe
- Fertility--changes
- Historical Survey
- Length Of Life
- Life Expectancy
- Mortality
- Natural Increase
- Population Dynamics
- Population Growth
- Population Size
- Population--changes
- Zero Population Growth
The age structure of the world population between 1950 and 1985 is analyzed according to changes in fertility, mortality, and international migration in developing and developed countries. "Relying on the results of the medium scenario of the population forecasts prepared by the U.N. Division of International Economic and Social Affairs, the author demonstrates that aging of the world population will become a global phenomenon, characteristic of every region and county of the world, between 1985 and 2025." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)
MeSH Terms
- Age Distribution
- Age Factors
- Demography
- Emigration and Immigration
- Fertility
- Forecasting
- Mortality
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Population Dynamics
- Research
- Statistics as Topic
Keywords
- Age Distribution
- Age Factors
- Demographic Aging
- Demographic Factors
- Estimation Technics
- Fertility--changes
- International Migration
- Migration
- Mortality--changes
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Population Dynamics
- Population Forecast
- Research Methodology
- World
"Tendencies in foetal-infant mortality in countries characterized by very low overall mortality rates should be set forth in terms of health. First with respect to physical health, greater use of technology in reproductive matters is translated by an increase in both survival rates of very low birth weight infants and, in certain countries, in multiple deliveries. Next concerning social health, given the persistence and potential deepening of social inequalities, it is unlikely that overall rates have reached a peak. Several indicators can be developed with vital statistics, including incidence of low and very low birth weight, specific risks by birth weight, and differential risks by social characteristics of the parents. These phenomena can be monitored and, to a certain extent, compared in [Canada and] a large number of European countries." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)
MeSH Terms
- Americas
- Canada
- Demography
- Developed Countries
- Economics
- Europe
- Fetal Death
- Health
- Infant Mortality
- Longevity
- Mortality
- North America
- Population
- Population Dynamics
- Research
- Social Welfare
- Socioeconomic Factors
- Survival Rate
Keywords
- Americas
- Canada
- Child Survival
- Comparative Studies
- Demographic Factors
- Developed Countries
- Economic Factors
- Europe
- Fetal Death
- Health
- Inequalities
- Infant Mortality
- Length Of Life
- Mortality
- North America
- Northern America
- Population
- Population Dynamics
- Research Methodology
- Social Welfare
- Socioeconomic Factors
- Studies
- Survivorship
"In this article we analyze the different demographic patterns defining the population in the province of Alicante [Spain]. The behaviour of the demographic factors in the past and in the present is studied here, and a series of models are put into practice in order to foresee the future pattern of population.... The result shows either the effect of a possible ageing in an already aged population, as is the case of the province of Alicante, or what the job market would have to endure if the above mentioned ageing took place, increased by the possibility of an inmigration of an older population." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE)
MeSH Terms
- Age Distribution
- Age Factors
- Demography
- Developed Countries
- Economics
- Employment
- Europe
- Forecasting
- Health Workforce
- Models, Theoretical
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Population Dynamics
- Spain
- Statistics as Topic
Keywords
- Age Distribution--changes
- Age Factors
- Demographic Aging
- Demographic Factors
- Developed Countries
- Economic Factors
- Estimation Technics
- Europe
- Human Resources
- Labor Force
- Mediterranean Countries
- Models, Theoretical
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Population Dynamics
- Population Forecast
- Population Projection
- Southern Europe
- Spain
"Having projected the composition of the population of the province of Quebec for the years 2011 and 2031 with respect to level of education, the author suggests ways in which an increase in the overall level of scholastic attainment could help Quebec meet the challenge of an aging population. According to him, a better educated population would be more productive and less dependent on public finances when it reached retirement. Such a population would cost less in terms of health care and could, if needed, remain in the labor force past retirement age." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)
MeSH Terms
- Americas
- Canada
- Demography
- Developed Countries
- Economics
- Education
- Educational Status
- Employment
- Forecasting
- North America
- Old Age Assistance
- Population
- Population Dynamics
- Research
- Retirement
- Social Class
- Socioeconomic Factors
- Statistics as Topic
Keywords
- Americas
- Canada
- Demographic Aging
- Demographic Factors
- Developed Countries
- Economic Factors
- Education
- Educational Status
- Employment Status
- Estimation Technics
- Microeconomic Factors
- North America
- Northern America
- Old Age Security--cost
- Population
- Population Dynamics
- Population Projection
- Research Methodology
- Retirement
- Socioeconomic Factors
- Socioeconomic Status
"Regional differences in the life duration of [the] able-bodied rural population [in the Ukrainian SSR] are briefly analyzed. [The] mortality rate of this population is considered in connection with labour conditions in agriculture." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND UKR)
MeSH Terms
- Age Factors
- Agriculture
- Demography
- Developed Countries
- Economics
- Employment
- Geography
- Health Workforce
- Life Expectancy
- Longevity
- Mortality
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Population Dynamics
- Rural Population
- Social Planning
- USSR
Keywords
- Age Factors
- Agricultural Development
- Demographic Factors
- Developed Countries
- Differential Mortality
- Economic Factors
- Geographic Factors
- Human Resources
- Labor Force
- Length Of Life
- Life Expectancy
- Mortality
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Population Dynamics
- Rural Development
- Rural Population
- Ussr
Regional differences in the rate of demographic aging in France are examined. The author notes that "contrary to popular belief, of the two factors that contribute to aging, natural trends (births and deaths) still have the edge over the effect of population migrations across regions. The only exception to this is in the Paris area, due to the influence of Paris itself, where youthfulness caused by migrations is on a more or less equal footing with 'natural' aging. Conversely, migration contributes the most to the increase in the average age in the western French regions, with the joint effects of young people leaving and the over-60s returning." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND GER AND SPA)
MeSH Terms
- Age Distribution
- Age Factors
- Demography
- Developed Countries
- Emigration and Immigration
- Europe
- France
- Geography
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Population Dynamics
- Population Growth
Keywords
- Age Distribution
- Age Factors
- Demographic Aging
- Demographic Factors
- Developed Countries
- Europe
- France
- Geographic Factors
- Mediterranean Countries
- Migration
- Natural Increase
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Population Dynamics
- Population Growth
- Western Europe
Projections of rapid demographic aging in Austria are reviewed up to the year 2050. "After the turn of the century the proportion of the population above age 60 will gradually increase from 20% to at least 30 if not as much as 40 or 50% by 2050. During the same period the population above age 80 will be multiplied by four." It is argued that drastic pension reform is needed to guarantee future pension payments and avoid a large increase in the pension contribution rate. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE)
MeSH Terms
- Adult
- Age Distribution
- Age Factors
- Aged
- Austria
- Demography
- Dependency, Psychological
- Developed Countries
- Economics
- Employment
- Europe
- Forecasting
- Old Age Assistance
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Population Dynamics
- Research
- Retirement
- Social Class
- Socioeconomic Factors
- Statistics as Topic
Keywords
- Adult
- Age Distribution--changes
- Age Factors
- Aged
- Austria
- Demographic Aging
- Demographic Factors
- Dependency Burden
- Developed Countries
- Economic Factors
- Employment Status
- Estimation Technics
- Europe
- Microeconomic Factors
- Old Age Security
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Population Dynamics
- Population Projection
- Research Methodology
- Retirement
- Socioeconomic Factors
- Socioeconomic Status
- Western Europe
"The problem of ageing is generally perceived as being typical of developed countries, as these have in most cases reached the last stage of their demographic transition. On the other hand, a rapid decline of the fertility rate, knowingly associated [with] a quick improvement of socio-economic factors and, often, [with] successful birth-control policies, is causing a sharp increase of the relative amount of elderly people also in some developing countries. This has a dramatic impact on family structures that, in traditional societies, assist the elderly relatives, while the government is usually still unable to provide institutional support. The issue is analysed in the South East Asian context." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE)
MeSH Terms
- Asia
- Asia, Southeastern
- Demography
- Developing Countries
- Economics
- Family Characteristics
- Family Planning Policy
- Old Age Assistance
- Population
- Population Dynamics
- Public Policy
- Socioeconomic Factors
Keywords
- Asia
- Demographic Aging
- Demographic Factors
- Demographic Transition
- Developing Countries
- Economic Factors
- Family And Household
- Family Characteristics
- Family Planning Policy
- Microeconomic Factors
- Old Age Security
- Policy
- Population
- Population Dynamics
- Population Policy
- Social Policy
- Socioeconomic Factors
- Southeastern Asia
"This article looks at the relationships among immigration, fertility and mortality to explain the changes that have occurred and will continue to occur in the population of the United States. Emphasis centers on the recent past, the present and the first half of the 21st century. It is pointed out that the nation will undergo major changes in its age and ethnic composition in the near future because of the aging of the baby boom generation and the continued high level of immigration from Latin America and Asia.... In the paper's conclusion, alternative policy options are considered." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)
MeSH Terms
- Age Distribution
- Age Factors
- Americas
- Culture
- Demography
- Developed Countries
- Emigration and Immigration
- Ethnic Groups
- Fertility
- Forecasting
- Mortality
- North America
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Population Dynamics
- Public Policy
- Research
- Statistics as Topic
- United States
Keywords
- Age Distribution
- Age Factors
- Americas
- Cultural Background
- Demographic Aging
- Demographic Factors
- Developed Countries
- Estimation Technics
- Ethnic Groups
- Fertility
- International Migration
- Migration
- Migration Policy
- Mortality
- North America
- Northern America
- Policy
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Population Dynamics
- Population Policy
- Population Projection
- Research Methodology
- Social Policy
- United States
The consequences of demographic aging in developed societies are examined. The author notes that "demographic aging has intensified over the last decades, bringing with it a significant modification in relationships between age groups and the sexes.... These changes in demographic structures bring with them the reorganization in intergenerational relations, the most spectacular instance of which...[is] the coexistence at the same time and in the same place of four or five generations of direct descendants." The author develops the hypothesis that a new attitude toward old age is needed in which "the social status of the elderly must be reinstated, and everything must be brought into play to encourage the integration of different age groups and intergenerational solidarity, so as to arrive in the best possible conditions at what [can be termed] the 'era of old age'...which will accompany the coming of the post-industrial society with its orientation toward the mass production of leisure and of services." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)
MeSH Terms
- Age Distribution
- Age Factors
- Behavior
- Demography
- Developed Countries
- Economics
- Leisure Activities
- Life Style
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Population Dynamics
- Social Change
Keywords
- Age Distribution--changes
- Age Factors
- Behavior
- Demographic Aging
- Demographic Factors
- Developed Countries
- Economic Factors
- Intergenerational Transfers
- Leisure
- Life Style
- Microeconomic Factors
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Population Dynamics
- Social Change
"After comparing demographic aging in Italy and in some other countries, the authors present some results at the municipal, provincial, regional and macro-regional level, for the 1953-1988 period, with projections until 2018. Spatial disparities are impressive: in 1988, in some regions the 60 and over age group already represented 40% of the population and was four times more numerous than the population less than 15 years old." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)
MeSH Terms
- Adult
- Age Factors
- Aged
- Demography
- Developed Countries
- Europe
- Forecasting
- Geography
- Italy
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Population Dynamics
- Research
- Statistics as Topic
Keywords
- Adult
- Age Factors
- Aged
- Comparative Studies
- Demographic Aging
- Demographic Factors
- Developed Countries
- Estimation Technics
- Europe
- Geographic Factors
- Italy
- Mediterranean Countries
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Population Dynamics
- Population Projection
- Research Methodology
- Southern Europe
- Studies
The purpose of this note is to analyze male excess mortality in relation to general mortality trends in a country with low levels of mortality, using Italian data for the period 1951-1981, and to examine the effect of this excess male mortality on the sex distribution of the population. Consideration is given to the apparent paradox whereby "at least during the first half of life, the sex ratio increases when excess male mortality increases. This paradox shows that the index traditionally used for measuring the disadvantage of men with regard to survival, is not the most appropriate one." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)
MeSH Terms
- Demography
- Developed Countries
- Europe
- Evaluation Studies as Topic
- Italy
- Longevity
- Mortality
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Population Dynamics
- Research
- Research Design
- Sex Distribution
- Sex Factors
- Sex Ratio
- Survival Rate
Keywords
- Demographic Factors
- Developed Countries
- Differential Mortality
- Europe
- Evaluation
- Excess Mortality--men
- Italy
- Length Of Life
- Measurement
- Mediterranean Countries
- Mortality
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Population Dynamics
- Research Methodology
- Sex Distribution
- Sex Factors
- Sex Ratio
- Southern Europe
- Survivorship--men
"This paper discusses various projections of health-care expenditures in terms of foreseeable pressures on the health-care system due to the aging of the Canadian population. The conclusion is that the impact of aging on health-care costs will not necessarily be a major problem. Projected cost increases have to be related to the evolution of the nation's productive capacity. The article also examines some implications in terms of health-care planning." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)
MeSH Terms
- Americas
- Canada
- Delivery of Health Care
- Demography
- Developed Countries
- Developing Countries
- Economics
- Financial Management
- Forecasting
- Health
- Health Expenditures
- Health Services
- Health Services Needs and Demand
- North America
- Population
- Population Dynamics
- Research
- Social Planning
- Statistics as Topic
Keywords
- Americas
- Canada
- Delivery Of Health Care
- Demographic Aging
- Demographic Factors
- Developed Countries
- Developing Countries
- Development Planning
- Economic Factors
- Estimation Technics
- Expenditures
- Financial Activities
- Health
- Health Services--cost
- Needs
- North America
- Northern America
- Population
- Population Dynamics
- Population Projection
- Research Methodology
"This study decomposes the differences between average life expectancies at age x by double standardization into effect of differences in the mortality structure by causes of death, and into effect of differences in the average life expectancies of those deceased due to certain causes of death, relying on abridged life tables by causes of death as for Belgium and Hungary in 1984.... The mortality structure by causes of death is more favourable in the case of females in both countries, but it contributes less to the rather significant differences in general mortality level. It is worth mentioning that the differences in the mortality level of males and females presents itself more definitely in Hungary than in Belgium." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)
MeSH Terms
- Age Factors
- Belgium
- Cause of Death
- Demography
- Developed Countries
- Europe
- Europe, Eastern
- Hungary
- Life Expectancy
- Life Tables
- Longevity
- Methods
- Mortality
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Population Dynamics
- Research
- Sex Factors
- Statistics as Topic
Keywords
- Age Factors
- Belgium
- Causes Of Death
- Demographic Analysis
- Demographic Factors
- Developed Countries
- Differential Mortality
- Eastern Europe
- Europe
- Hungary
- Length Of Life
- Life Expectancy
- Life Table Method
- Life Tables
- Methodological Studies
- Mortality
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Population Dynamics
- Research Methodology
- Sex Factors
- Tables And Charts
- Western Europe
"Under some conditions, the comparison of life expectancies may lead to a much more accurate measure, in terms of dissimilarity between the empirical distributions of the number of years expected to live at each age. This paper analyses these conditions and applies the dissimilarity approach to the data of the Italian life tables of the 20th century." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)
MeSH Terms
- Demography
- Developed Countries
- Europe
- Italy
- Life Expectancy
- Life Tables
- Longevity
- Mortality
- Population
- Population Dynamics
- Research
Keywords
- Demographic Analysis
- Demographic Factors
- Developed Countries
- Differential Mortality
- Europe
- Italy
- Length Of Life
- Life Expectancy
- Life Table Method
- Life Tables
- Mediterranean Countries
- Mortality
- Population
- Population Dynamics
- Research Methodology
- Southern Europe
"Methods based on survival probabilities are often used for estimating net migration by age over a given period, and the bias introduced by these methods [has] been discussed by many authors. This note shows that the results obtained in this respect by Wunsch and Termote (and used by Courgeau as well) under the hypothesis of an even distribution of migrants over the period, are actually valid for another assumption." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)
MeSH Terms
- Demography
- Emigration and Immigration
- Longevity
- Methods
- Mortality
- Population
- Population Dynamics
- Probability
- Research
- Statistics as Topic
- Survival Rate
Keywords
- Demographic Factors
- Estimation Technics
- Length Of Life
- Methodological Studies
- Migration
- Mortality
- Population
- Population Dynamics
- Probability
- Research Methodology
- Statistical Studies
- Studies
- Survivorship
- World
Previous work by our group questions the validity of existing electronystagmography (ENG) reference ranges in the elderly. We aim to establish valid reference ranges for ENG in people over 65 on the Nicolet Nystar Plus system. Ninety-six healthy asymptomatic subjects over 65 underwent ENG, including spontaneous and positional nystagmus, saccades, smooth pursuit, optokinetic nystagmus and bithermal calorics; 95% reference ranges with confidence intervals were calculated. The newly determined reference ranges were far wider than those provided by the ENG equipment manufacturer for eight out of 11 parameters (all P < 0.001). Vestibular function is known to deteriorate and become more variable with age. The failure to reflect this change in currently used reference ranges may have contributed to the high rates of vestibular disease reported in some series of dizzy elderly patients. Clinical interpretation of ENG depends on valid reference ranges.
MeSH Terms
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aging
- Electronystagmography
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Reference Values
Determining the mechanisms of co-activation around the knee joint with respect to age and sex is important in terms of our greater understanding of strength development. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of age, sex and muscle action on moment of force and electromyographic (EMG) activity of the agonist and antagonist muscle groups during isokinetic eccentric and concentric knee extension and flexion. The study comprised nine pubertal boys [mean age 12.6 (SD 0.5) years], nine girls [12.7 (SD 0.5) years] nine adult men [23.1 (SD 2.1) years] and nine adult women [23.7 (SD 3.1) years] who performed maximal isometric eccentric and concentric efforts of knee extensors and flexors on a dynamometer at 30 degrees x s(-1). The moment of force and surface EMG activity of vastus lateralis and biceps femoris muscles were recorded. The moment of force:agonist averaged EMG (aEMG) ratios were calculated. The antagonist aEMG values were expressed as a percentage of the aEMG activity of the same muscle, at the same angle, angular velocity and muscle action when the muscle was acting as agonist. Three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) designs indicated no significant effects of age or sex on moment:aEMG ratios. Eccentric ratios were significantly higher than the corresponding concentric ones (P < 0.05). The results also indicated no significant effect of age and sex on the aEMG of the vastus lateralis and biceps femoris muscles when acting as antagonists. The antagonist aEMG was significantly greater during concentric agonist efforts compared with the corresponding eccentric ones (P < 0.05). These findings would suggest that the moment exerted per unit of agonist EMG and the antagonist activity are similar in children compared with adults and are not sex dependent. Future comparisons between eccentric and concentric moments of force and agonist ENG should take into consideration the antagonist effects, irrespective of age or sex.
MeSH Terms
- Adult
- Aging
- Analysis of Variance
- Child
- Electromyography
- Female
- Humans
- Knee Joint
- Male
- Muscle, Skeletal
- Puberty
- Sex Characteristics
- Thigh
While it is clear that the majority of the world's population suffers some deterioration of hearing--especially at high frequencies--with the advance of age, it is equally clear that some individuals reach very old age with clinically normal hearing. It is often difficult to separate the biological changes of senility from the effects of auditory environmental changes, and of specific pathological changes associated with specific disease entities. A better understanding of the etiology of presbyacusis is needed. The first step towards this end is the recognition that not all hearing impairment in the aged is due to biological ageing. This is important because hearing loss due to the acceleration of biological and environmental effects (accelerated presbyacusis) may be preventable, while hearing loss due to biological ageing (presbyacusis) is not treatable. The second step is the realization that not all hearing impairment over age 65 is due to ageing. Hearing impairments that are rapidly progressive, profound, asymmetrical, or fluctuating, and those associated with a marked conductive element or severe dizziness might well be associated with specific ear disease (Nosoacusis) such as infection, otosclerosis, Menière's disease, or acoustic tumor. A full neuro-otological evaluation including ABR, CT scan, ENG and others should be done in any patient over 65 suspected of having a specific ear disease. The classification presented demonstrates the need to revise the criteria used in determining 'Presbyacusis Curves'. These provide a reference standard for normal hearing at any age or decade. There are too many variables in the averages obtained from different subjects to make those averages a dependable standard reference.
MeSH Terms
- Aged
- Aging
- Audiometry, Pure-Tone
- Auditory Threshold
- Deafness
- Ear
- Humans
- Presbycusis
The normal values of sural nerve electroneurography (ENG) by the antidromic technique with skin electrodes are reported for 104 healthy individuals who were evaluated in decade groups. A lineal increase of the duration (DUR) and an increase, also lineal, of amplitude (AMP) of conduction velocity with age were found. Also, a significantly higher AMP of the evoked sensory potential (ESP) was found in the left than in the right side when all data were considered as a whole. The adjustment for age of the parameters of sural nerve ENG is a basic requirement in the measurement of the electrophysiological abnormalities contributing to the diagnosis of a neuropathy.
MeSH Terms
- Adult
- Aged
- Aging
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neural Conduction
- Reference Values
- Sural Nerve